Most chemical processes are triggered by electron or charge transfer phenomena (CT). An important class of processes involving CT are chemi-ionization reactions. Such processes are very common in nature, involving neutral species in ground or excited electronic states with sufficient energy (X*) to yield ionic products, and are considered as the primary initial step in flames. They are characterized by pronounced electronic rearrangements that take place within the collisional complex (X···M)* formed by approaching reagents, as shown by the following scheme, where M is an atomic or molecular target: X* + M → (X···M)* → [(X⁺···M) ↔ (X···M⁺)]^e− (X···M)⁺ + e^– → final ions.

中文翻译：

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化学电离过程中的量子态控制反应通道：辐射（光学-物理）和交换（氧化-化学）机理。

大多数化学过程是由电子或电荷转移现象（CT）触发的。一类涉及CT的重要过程是化学电离反应。这样的过程在自然界中非常普遍，涉及处于基态或激发电子态的中性物质，其具有足够的能量（X *）以产生离子产物，被认为是火焰的主要起始步骤。它们的特征是在接近试剂形成的碰撞配合物（X···M）*内发生明显的电子重排，如以下方案所示，其中M是原子或分子目标：X * + M→（X ···M）*→[（X ⁺ ···M）↔（X···M ⁺）] ^{e −}（X···M）⁺ + e ^– →最终离子。