Mutualism or antagonism between species is often investigated within the framework of monotonic interactions of either mutualism or antagonism, but studies on transition from mutualism to antagonism (within the context of nonmonotonic interactions) have been largely ignored. In this paper, through a brief review and synthesis, we highlighted the role of mutualism between antagonists in regulating the ecological and evolutionary processes, as well as maintaining the stability and complexity of ecosystems. Mutualism between antagonistic species represents the density‐dependent transition between mutualism and antagonism, which is beneficial to species coexistence and stability of complex ecosystems; thus, it should be favored by natural selection. Species may face selection of conflicting pressure on functional traits in co‐balancing mutualism and antagonism, which may result in evolution of the dual character of species with moderate mutualistic or antagonistic traits. Coevolution and co‐balance of these traits are driving forces in shaping mutualism–antagonism systems. Rewards for mutualists, punishment for exploiters, and competition of meta‐communities are essential in stabilizing mutualism between antagonists. We appeal for more studies on mutualism between antagonists and its ecological and evolutionary implications by expanding the conventional ecological studies from monotonic to nonmonotonic regimes.

中文翻译：

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反对者之间的相互主义：其生态和进化意义。

通常在互惠或拮抗的单调相互作用的框架内研究物种之间的互惠或拮抗作用，但是从互惠向拮抗作用转变的研究（在非单调相互作用的背景下）却被很大程度上忽略了。在本文中，通过简要回顾和综合，我们强调了拮抗剂之间的共生关系在调节生态和进化过程以及维持生态系统的稳定性和复杂性方面的作用。拮抗物种之间的互惠代表了互惠与对抗之间的密度依赖性转变，这有利于复杂生态系统的物种共存和稳定。因此，应优先选择自然选择。在共存的共生与对抗中，物种可能面临对功能性状的相互冲突的压力选择，这可能导致具有中等互惠或拮抗性的物种的双重性状演变。这些特征的共同进化和共同平衡是塑造共生-对抗体系的动力。对互惠主义者的奖励，对剥削者的惩罚以及元社区的竞争对于稳定反对者之间的互惠关系至关重要。通过将传统的生态学研究从单调体制扩展到非单调体制，我们呼吁对拮抗剂之间的相互关系及其生态和进化意义进行更多的研究。这些特征的共同进化和共同平衡是塑造共生-对抗体系的动力。对互惠主义者的奖励，对剥削者的惩罚以及元社区的竞争对于稳定反对者之间的互惠关系至关重要。通过将传统的生态学研究从单调体制扩展到非单调体制，我们呼吁对拮抗剂之间的相互关系及其生态和进化意义进行更多的研究。这些特征的共同进化和共同平衡是塑造共生-对抗体系的动力。对互惠主义者的奖励，对剥削者的惩罚以及元社区的竞争对于稳定反对者之间的互惠关系至关重要。通过将传统的生态学研究从单调体制扩展到非单调体制，我们呼吁对拮抗剂之间的相互关系及其生态和进化意义进行更多的研究。