Owing to their acidity, oxidizing ability and redox reversibility, molybdovanadophosphoric heteropolyacids (H_n+3PMo_12-nV_nO₄₀, abbreviated as PMo_12-nV_n) were employed as electron transfer carriers for coupling biomass pretreatment for enzymatic hydrolysis and direct biomass-to-electricity conversion. In this novel coupled process, PMo_12-nV_n pretreatment that causes deconstruction of cell wall structure with PMo_12-nV_n being simultaneously reduced can be considered as the “charging” process. The reduced PMo_12-nV_n are further re-oxidized with release of electrons in a liquid flow fuel cell (LFFC) to generate electricity is the “discharging” process. Several Keggin-type PMo_12-nV_n with different degree of vanadium substitution (DS_V, namely n) were prepared. Compared to Keggin-type phosphomolybdic acid (PMo₁₂), PMo_12-nV_n (n=1–6) showed higher oxidizing ability but poorer redox reversibility. The cellulose enzymatic digestibility of PMo_12-nV_n pretreated wheat straw generally decreased with increase in DS_V, but xylan enzymatic digestibility generally increased with DS_V. PMo₁₂ pretreatment of wheat straw at 120 °C obtained the highest enzymatic glucan conversion (EGC) reaching 95%, followed by PMo₁₁V₁ pretreatment (85%). Discharging of the reduced heteropolyacids in LFFC showed that vanadium substitution could improve the maximum output power density (P_max). The highest P_max was obtained by PMo₉V₃ (44.7 mW/cm²) when FeCl₃ was used as a cathode electron carrier, while PMo₁₂ achieved the lowest P_max (27.4 mW/cm²). All the heteropolyacids showed good electrode Faraday efficiency (>95%) and cell discharging efficiency (>93%). The energy efficiency of the coupled process based on the heat values of the products and generated electric energy was in the range of 18%–25% depending on DS_V. PMo₁₂ and PMo₁₁V₁ seems to be the most suitable heteropolyacids to mediate the coupled process.

由于其酸度，氧化能力和氧化还原可逆性，钼钒钒杂多酸（H _{n +3} PMo _{12- n} V _n O ₄₀，缩写为PMo _{12- n} V _n）被用作电子转移载体，耦合生物质预处理进行酶促水解和直接生物质发电。在这种新颖的耦合过程中，将PMo _{12- n} V _n预处理同时导致PMo _{12- n} V _n减少的同时导致细胞壁结构破坏的预处理可被视为“充电”过程。降低的PMo在液流燃料电池（LFFC）中，随着电子的释放，_{12- n} V _n进一步被再氧化以产生电能，这是“放电”过程。制备了几种具有不同钒取代度的Keggin型PMo ₁₂ - _n V _n（DS _V，即n）。与Keggin型磷钼酸（PMo ₁₂）相比，PMo _{12- n} V _n（n = 1–6）显示出更高的氧化能力，但氧化还原可逆性却较差。PMo _{12- n} V _n的纤维素酶消化率预处理的麦草随DS _V的增加而降低，但木聚糖酶消化率随DS _V的增加而增加。在120°C下对小麦秸秆进行PMo ₁₂预处理可获得最高的酶促葡聚糖转化率（EGC），达到95％，然后进行PMo ₁₁ V ₁预处理（85％）。LFFC中还原的杂多酸的放电表明，钒取代可以提高最大输出功率密度（P _max）。当FeCl ₃为PMo ₉ V ₃（44.7 mW / cm ²）时，P _max最高。PMO ₁₂用作阴极电子载体，而PMo ₁₂达到最低的P _max（27.4 mW / cm ²）。所有杂多酸均显示出良好的电极法拉第效率（> 95％）和电池放电效率（> 93％）。根据产品和产生的电能的热值的联接过程的能量效率是取决于DS 18％-25％的范围内_V。PMo ₁₂和PMo ₁₁ V ₁似乎是介导偶联过程的最合适的杂多酸。