Human–wildlife conflict occurs when the needs and behavior of wildlife impact negatively on humans or when humans negatively affect the needs of wildlife. To explore the nature, causes and mitigations of human wildlife conflict, the coexistence between human and wildlife assessment was conducted around Bale Mountains National Park. Data were collected by means of household questionnaires, focus group discussion, interview, field observation and secondary sources. The nature and extent of human wildlife conflict in the study area were profoundly impacted humans, wild animal and the environment through crop damage, habitat disturbance and destruction, livestock predation, and killing of wildlife and human. The major causes of conflict manifested that agricultural expansion (30%), human settlement (24%), overgrazing by livestock (14%), deforestation (18%), illegal grass collection (10%) and poaching (4%). To defend crop raider, farmers have been practiced crop guarding (34%), live fencing (26%), scarecrow (22%), chasing (14%), and smoking (5%). However, fencing (38%), chasing (30%), scarecrow (24%) and guarding (8%) were controlling techniques to defend livestock predator animals. As emphasized in this study, human–wildlife conflicts are negative impacts on both human and wildlife. Accordingly, possible mitigate possibilities for peaceful co-existence between human and wildlife should be create awareness and training to the local communities, identifying clear border between the closure area and the land owned by the residents, formulate rules and regulation for performed local communities, equal benefit sharing of the local communities and reduction of human settlement encroachment into the national park range. Generally, researcher recommended that stakeholders and concerned bodies should be creating awareness to local community for the use of wildlife and human–wildlife conflict mitigation strategies.

中文翻译：

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人类与野生生物之间的共存：埃塞俄比亚东南部贝尔山国家公园周围人类野生生物冲突的性质，原因和缓解措施。

当野生生物的需求和行为对人类产生负面影响或人类对野生生物的需求产生负面影响时，就会发生人与野生生物的冲突。为了探索人类野生动植物冲突的性质，成因和缓解措施，围绕贝尔山国家公园进行了人类与野生动植物评估的共存。数据是通过家庭问卷，焦点小组讨论，访谈，实地观察和次要来源收集的。研究区域人类野生生物冲突的性质和程度，通过作物破坏，生境干扰和破坏，牲畜捕食以及野生动植物和人类的杀害，对人类，野生动物和环境产生了深远的影响。造成冲突的主要原因是农业扩张（30％），人类住区（24％），牲畜过度放牧（14％），砍伐森林（18％），非法采草（10％）和偷猎（4％）。为了捍卫农作物入侵者，农民们练习了农作物保护（34％），围栏（26％），稻草人（22％），追逐（14％）和吸烟（5％）。但是，击剑（38％），追逐（30％），稻草人（24％）和护卫（8％）是防御家畜捕食动物的控制技术。正如本研究所强调的那样，人与野生生物之间的冲突对人类和野生生物均具有负面影响。因此，应减轻可能的减轻人类与野生动植物之间和平共处的可能性，以便提高对当地社区的认识和培训，确定禁区与居民拥有的土地之间的明确边界，为当地社区制定规章制度，平等分享当地社区的利益，并减少人类住区对国家公园范围的侵犯。总体而言，研究人员建议利益相关者和相关机构应提高当地社区对野生动植物的使用以及减轻人类与野生生物冲突的战略的认识。