Super enhancers (SEs) are large clusters of adjacent enhancers that drive the expression of genes which regulate cellular identity; SE regions can be enriched with a high density of transcription factors, co-factors, and enhancer-associated epigenetic modifications. Through enhanced activation of their target genes, SEs play an important role in various diseases and conditions, including cancer. Recent studies have shown that SEs not only activate the transcriptional expression of coding genes to directly regulate biological functions, but also drive the transcriptional expression of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) to indirectly regulate biological functions. SE-derived ncRNAs play critical roles in tumorigenesis, including malignant proliferation, metastasis, drug resistance, and inflammatory response. Moreover, the abnormal expression of SE-derived ncRNAs is closely related to the clinical and pathological characterization of tumors. In this review, we summarize the functions and roles of SE-derived ncRNAs in tumorigenesis and discuss their prospective applications in tumor therapy. A deeper understanding of the potential mechanism underlying the action of SE-derived ncRNAs in tumorigenesis may provide new strategies for the early diagnosis of tumors and targeted therapy.

中文翻译：

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超级增强子衍生的非编码RNA在人类癌症中的新兴作用

超级增强子（SE）是相邻增强子的大簇，它们驱动调节细胞同一性的基因的表达。SE区可以富含高密度的转录因子，辅助因子和增强子相关的表观遗传修饰。通过增强其靶基因的激活，SE在包括癌症在内的各种疾病和状况中发挥着重要作用。最近的研究表明SE不仅激活编码基因的转录表达以直接调节生物学功能，而且还驱动非编码RNA（ncRNA）的转录表达间接调节生物学功能。SE衍生的ncRNA在肿瘤发生中起关键作用，包括恶性增殖，转移，耐药性和炎症反应。此外，SE衍生的ncRNA的异常表达与肿瘤的临床和病理特征密切相关。在这篇综述中，我们总结了SE衍生的ncRNA在肿瘤发生中的功能和作用，并讨论了它们在肿瘤治疗中的前瞻性应用。对源自SE的ncRNA在肿瘤发生中潜在作用的潜在机制的更深入了解可能为肿瘤的早期诊断和靶向治疗提供新的策略。