Abstract The second messenger cyclic di-GMP regulates a variety of processes in bacteria, many of which are centered around the decision whether to adopt a sessile or a motile life style. Regulatory circuits include pathogenicity, biofilm formation, and motility in a wide variety of bacteria, and play a key role in cell cycle progression in Caulobacter crescentus. Interestingly, multiple, seemingly independent c-di-GMP pathways have been found in several species, where deletions of individual c-di-GMP synthetases (DGCs) or hydrolases (PDEs) have resulted in distinct phenotypes that would not be expected based on a freely diffusible second messenger. Several recent studies have shown that individual signaling nodes exist, and additionally, that protein/protein interactions between DGCs, PDEs and c-di-GMP receptors play an important role in signaling specificity. Additionally, subcellular clustering has been shown to be employed by bacteria to likely generate local signaling of second messenger, and/or to increase signaling specificity. This review highlights recent findings that reveal how bacteria employ spatial cues to increase the versatility of second messenger signaling.

中文翻译：

---

空间组织增强了循环 di-GMP 信号的多功能性和特异性

摘要 第二信使环状二 GMP 调节细菌中的多种过程，其中许多过程都围绕着是否采用固着或运动生活方式的决定而展开。调节回路包括多种细菌的致病性、生物膜形成和运动性，并在新月柄杆菌的细胞周期进程中发挥关键作用。有趣的是，在几个物种中发现了多个看似独立的 c-di-GMP 途径，其中单个 c-di-GMP 合成酶 (DGC) 或水解酶 (PDE) 的缺失导致了基于自由扩散的第二信使。最近的几项研究表明存在单个信号节点，此外，DGC 之间的蛋白质/蛋白质相互作用，PDE 和 c-di-GMP 受体在信号特异性中起重要作用。此外，亚细胞聚类已被证明被细菌用于产生第二信使的局部信号传导，和/或增加信号传导的特异性。这篇综述强调了最近的发现，这些发现揭示了细菌如何利用空间线索来增加第二信使信号的多功能性。