Salamanders exhibit the most extensive regenerative repertoire among vertebrates, being able to accomplish scar-free healing and faithful regeneration of significant parts of the eye, heart, brain, spinal cord, jaws and gills, as well as entire appendages throughout life. The cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying salamander regeneration are currently under extensive examination, with the hope of identifying the key drivers in each context, understanding interspecies differences in regenerative capacity, and harnessing this knowledge in therapeutic settings. The immune system has recently emerged as a potentially critical player in regenerative responses. Components of both innate and adaptive immunity have been found at critical stages of regeneration in a range of salamander tissues. Moreover, functional studies have identified a requirement for macrophages during heart and limb regeneration. However, our knowledge of salamander immunity remains scarce, and a thorough definition of the precise roles played by its members is lacking. Here, we examine the evidence supporting roles for immunity in various salamander regeneration models. We pinpoint observations that need revisiting through modern genetic approaches, uncover knowledge gaps, and highlight insights from various model organisms that could guide future explorations toward an understanding of the functions of immunity in regeneration.

中文翻译：

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蝾螈再生中的免疫力：我们站在哪里，我们将走向何方？

蝾螈在脊椎动物中表现出最广泛的再生能力，能够在整个生命过程中实现眼睛、心脏、大脑、脊髓、颌骨和鳃以及整个附属物的重要部位的无疤痕愈合和忠实再生。目前正在对蝾螈再生的细胞和分子机制进行广泛研究，希望能够确定每种情况下的关键驱动因素，了解再生能力的种间差异，并在治疗环境中利用这些知识。免疫系统最近已成为再生反应中潜在的关键参与者。在一系列蝾螈组织中，在再生的关键阶段发现了先天免疫和适应性免疫的成分。而且，功能研究已经确定了心脏和肢体再生过程中对巨噬细胞的需求。然而，我们对蝾螈免疫的了解仍然很少，并且缺乏对其成员所扮演的确切角色的全面定义。在这里，我们研究了在各种蝾螈再生模型中支持免疫作用的证据。我们通过现代遗传方法确定需要重新审视的观察结果，发现知识差距，并强调来自各种模式生物的见解，这些见解可以指导未来的探索，以了解免疫在再生中的功能。我们研究了在各种蝾螈再生模型中支持免疫作用的证据。我们通过现代遗传方法确定需要重新审视的观察结果，发现知识差距，并强调来自各种模式生物的见解，这些见解可以指导未来的探索，以了解免疫在再生中的功能。我们研究了在各种蝾螈再生模型中支持免疫作用的证据。我们通过现代遗传方法确定需要重新审视的观察结果，发现知识差距，并强调来自各种模式生物的见解，这些见解可以指导未来的探索，以了解免疫在再生中的功能。