Abstract In the presented study we estimated the effect of long-term application of (I) various systems of soil cultivation: (i) conventional tillage, (ii) reduced tillage and (iii) no-tillage, (II) wheat monoculture – spring and winter forms, and (III) crop rotation, on the basic physical properties of Rendzic Phaeozem. In the experiment soil physical properties were studied, such as particle density, bulk density, total porosity, air capacity (at -15.5 kPa), water content at sampling, field water capacity (at -15.5 kPa), available water content and the ratio of field water capacity and total porosity was calculated. The hypothesis that long-term wheat monoculture and/or reduced tillage have a negative effect on the soil physical condition has been verified. It should be emphasised that the long-term application of reduced tillage systems and wheat monoculture did not cause significant differences in the analysed parameters. The lowest compaction and the best conditions for gas exchange were noted in the soil on which conventional tillage was applied under spring wheat monoculture. The results of field water capacity and available water content showed that long-term application of reduced systems of soil tillage had a positive effect on the water properties of soil. Soil under the conventional tillage ensured significantly the smallest amount of water for the plants. It has been shown that long-term application of reduced tillage, as well as the form of wheat (spring or winter wheat), have a stronger impact on changes in the soil-water-air relations than long-term use of monoculture. We found out that both the use of reduced tillage and the abandonment of crop rotation in favour of monoculture can be put into safely use in agricultural practice. We believe that the application of such systems is especially valuable in emergency situations.

中文翻译：

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Rendzic Phaeozem 小麦单作 30 年减耕及物理条件

摘要 在本研究中，我们评估了 (I) 各种土壤耕作系统的长期应用效果：(i) 常规耕作，(ii) 少耕和 (iii) 免耕，(II) 小麦单一栽培 - 春季和冬季形式，以及 (III) 轮作，关于 Rendzic Phaeozem 的基本物理特性。试验中研究了土壤物理性质，如颗粒密度、容重、总孔隙度、空气容量（-15.5 kPa）、取样含水量、田间持水量（-15.5 kPa）、有效含水量和比值计算田间持水量和总孔隙度。长期小麦单一栽培和/或减少耕作对土壤物理条件有负面影响的假设已经得到验证。应该强调的是，长期应用减耕系统和小麦单一栽培不会导致分析参数的显着差异。在春小麦单作下常规耕作的土壤中，压实度最低，气体交换条件最好。田间持水量和有效水含量的结果表明，长期减少土壤耕作制度对土壤的水分性质有积极的影响。常规耕作下的土壤显着确保了植物所需的最少水量。已经表明，与长期使用单一栽培相比，长期减少耕作以及小麦的形态（春小麦或冬小麦）对土壤-水-空气关系的变化有更大的影响。我们发现，无论是减少耕作还是放弃轮作，转而采用单一栽培，都可以安全地用于农业实践。我们认为，此类系统的应用在紧急情况下尤其有价值。