ABSTRACT This study systematically determined the transmission and receiving sensitivities of over twenty transducers. Four types of sensitivities were evaluated for both transmission and receiving sensitivities. These are found to be different from each other and the reversibility or reciprocity conditions exist only in exceptional cases. Using their observed behavior as the basis, we critically examined the calibration methods developed to characterize them, including those based on laser interferometry and the acoustic reciprocity principle. Serious flaws in some of the reciprocity methods are uncovered, which can be rectified by using the Hill--Adams method. Four procedures emerged as workable calibration methods for contact ultrasonic and acoustic emission transducers. However, current experimental uncertainties limit the upper frequency to 2 MHz.

中文翻译：

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超声波换能器特性和校准方法的严格检查

摘要 本研究系统地确定了 20 多个传感器的传输和接收灵敏度。针对传输和接收灵敏度评估了四种类型的灵敏度。发现它们彼此不同，可逆性或互惠性条件仅在例外情况下才存在。以观察到的行为为基础，我们严格检查了为表征它们而开发的校准方法，包括基于激光干涉测量法和声学互易原理的校准方法。一些互惠方法的严重缺陷被发现，可以使用希尔-亚当斯方法进行纠正。出现了四种程序作为用于接触式超声和声发射换能器的可行校准方法。然而，