Carbon dioxide (CO₂) capture using CaO-based adsorbents has recently attracted intense attention from both academic and industrial sectors in the last decade due to the high theoretical capacity of CO₂ capture, low cost, and potential use in large scale. However, the successful development of CaO-based adsorbents is limited by significant sintering of adsorbent particles over a number of cycles of CaO carbonation/calcination. In this work, a systematic understanding of fundamental aspects of the cyclic carbonation/calcination of CaO-based materials is reviewed. A number of efforts have been discussed to improve the sintering-resistant properties of CaO-based adsorbents, such as decreasing the particle size and increasing the surface area, dispersing CaO on inert support, as well as surface modification. In particular, severe process conditions such as carrying out material calcination under pure CO₂ atmosphere were considered for the development of CaO-based materials. In addition, important process parameters for CaO-based carbon capture such as CO₂ partial pressure, carbonation temperature, carbonation time and the presence of contaminants have been reviewed, as well as the reactivation of spent sorbents. Synthetic CaO-based adsorbents have better performance than natural adsorbents due to the improved porosity and the presence of nanosized particles. The promising capacity and stability of CO₂ capture can be obtained when the synthetic adsorbents have high surface area and mesopores and/or CaO particles are stabilized using inert materials such as Ca₁₂Al₁₄O₃₃. With an increase of steam concentration in the process, the decay of CO₂ capture capacity was mitigated due to the formation of a stable pore structure. The calcium looping technology has been demonstrated in pilot scale combining with catalytic reforming or gasification process. However, the reduction of sorbent costs and the optimization of process conditions (e.g. carbonation and calcination time) still need to be tested in larger scale to reduce the overall costs and enhance the overall energy efficiency. Material attrition is a key challenge in large-scale demonstration of calcium looping process. Novel technology could be developed to avoid the transportation of solid sorbents. For example, by integrating with CO₂ conversion to methane, the capture of CO₂ and the regeneration of bifunctional sorbents can be carried out at the same temperature in a fixed bed reactor. This can be fulfilled by introducing hydrogen to the stage of sorbent regeneration. However, much more fundamental understanding is required in this area, such as the exploration of synergies between sorbent regeneration and catalytic conversion of CO₂.

由于CO _2的理论容量高，最近十年来，使用基于CaO的吸附剂捕获二氧化碳（CO ₂）引起了学术界和工业界的广泛关注。捕获，低成本以及潜在的大规模使用。然而，基于CaO的吸附剂的成功开发受到在CaO碳酸化/煅烧的多个循环中吸附剂颗粒的显着烧结的限制。在这项工作中，系统地了解了基于CaO的材料的循环碳酸化/煅烧的基本方面。已经讨论了许多努力来改善基于CaO的吸附剂的抗烧结性能，例如减小粒径和增加表面积，将CaO分散在惰性载体上以及进行表面改性。特别是苛刻的工艺条件，例如在纯CO ₂下进行材料煅烧CaO基材料的开发考虑了大气。此外，已经审查了基于CaO的碳捕获的重要工艺参数，例如CO ₂分压，碳化温度，碳化时间和污染物的存在，以及废吸附剂的再活化。由于改进的孔隙率和纳米级颗粒的存在，合成的基于CaO的吸附剂比天然的吸附剂具有更好的性能。当合成吸附剂具有高表面积并使用惰性材料（例如Ca ₁₂ Al ₁₄ O _33）稳定中孔和/或CaO颗粒时，可以获得有希望的CO ₂捕集能力和稳定性。。随着过程中蒸汽浓度的增加，由于形成了稳定的孔结构，减轻了CO ₂捕集能力的降低。钙环化技术已在中试规模与催化重整或气化工艺相结合中得到了证明。但是，降低吸附剂成本和优化工艺条件（例如碳化和煅烧时间）仍需要进行大规模测试，以降低总体成本并提高总体能源效率。在大规模演示钙循环过程中，材料损耗是一项关键挑战。可以开发新技术来避免固体吸附剂的运输。例如，通过与CO ₂转化为甲烷的整合，捕获CO ₂并且双功能吸附剂的再生可以在固定床反应器中在相同温度下进行。这可以通过将氢引入吸附剂再生阶段来实现。但是，在这一领域还需要更多的基础知识，例如探索吸附剂再生与CO ₂催化转化之间的协同作用。