Batteries have been used in various biomedical devices, such as neurostimulators, cardiac pacemakers, and implantable cardiac defibrillators. Compared to applications in electronics and electric vehicles, those implantable batteries need to be extremely safe and stable as they are placed inside human bodies to play a vital role in curing human diseases. They also need to have high energy density to save volume and weight in the limited space inside organs, such as heart ventricles. Not only that, complete packaging with no leakage possibility and extremely low self-discharge rate are also required to ensure the safe operation of devices without interruption for an 8–10 years battery life. These requirements are considerably demanding, and primary batteries are widely used in biomedical batteries to meet those requirements. Especially for cardiology applications, Li-CF_x and Li-SVO (silver vanadium oxide) batteries have been used in industry for decades, and several improvements have been made to push overall battery performance to a theoretical limit. With recent progress made in enhanced treatment methods, such as communication functions among multiple leadless pacemakers for a more accurate sensing mechanism, those devices require even higher power input in order to drive new functions without losing life expectancy. In this review, we reviewed principles and recent progress on using nanomaterials in these battery systems for biomedical applications, such as how to further improve electrochemical performance and increase the reversibility of these battery systems as a potential solution to prolong their longevity inside human bodies.

电池已用于各种生物医学设备中，例如神经刺激器，心脏起搏器和可植入的心脏除颤器。与电子和电动车辆中的应用相比，这些植入式电池需要非常安全和稳定，因为它们被放置在人体内部以在治疗人类疾病中发挥至关重要的作用。它们还需要具有较高的能量密度，以节省器官（例如心室）内部有限空间中的体积和重量。不仅如此，还需要完整包装，无泄漏的可能性和极低的自放电率，以确保设备安全运行而不会中断8-10年的电池寿命。这些要求非常苛刻，并且原电池广泛用于生物医学电池中以满足这些要求。_x和Li-SVO（银钒氧化物）电池已在工业中使用了数十年，并且进行了多项改进以将整体电池性能推向理论极限。随着增强型治疗方法的最新进展，例如多个无铅起搏器之间的通信功能以实现更精确的传感机制，这些设备甚至需要更高的功率输入才能驱动新功能而又不损失预期寿命。在这篇综述中，我们回顾了在生物医学应用电池系统中使用纳米材料的原理和最新进展，例如如何进一步改善电化学性能和增加这些电池系统的可逆性，以作为延长其在人体中寿命的潜在解决方案。