Abstract Water and its fragments are present on metal surfaces under all but the most extreme conditions, acting both as a reactive species and as a ligand in ways that have yet to be fully explored. This review focuses on experimental studies of the chemical species and hydrogen bonding structures that form in the first layer adsorbed on a metal surface. The development of non-invasive probes that avoid dissociating water, or disrupting fragile bonding structures, now allows experiments to distinguish between different structural models for water and its fragments at the surface, allowing us to test the accuracy of modern structural calculations and provide a better picture of how the metal surface influences the structures and chemical species present. We start by describing the behaviour of Pt(1 1 1), whose redox chemistry is important in electrochemical fuel cells and has been studied in detail, providing a good reference system against which to discuss the effect changing the surface symmetry and metal reactivity has on the interface structure. Evidence for the presence and the role of hydroxyl and hydrated ‘hydronium’ species is described and we discuss the outlook for future experiments and identify some questions that remain to be resolved.

中文翻译：

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金属表面的水及其部分解离碎片

摘要 水及其碎片在除最极端条件之外的所有条件下都存在于金属表面，以尚未完全探索的方式作为反应性物质和配体发挥作用。这篇综述的重点是对吸附在金属表面上的第一层中形成的化学物质和氢键结构的实验研究。可避免水分离或破坏脆弱结合结构的非侵入性探针的开发，现在允许实验区分水及其表面碎片的不同结构模型，使我们能够测试现代结构计算的准确性并提供更好的金属表面如何影响存在的结构和化学物质的图片。我们首先描述 Pt(1 1 1) 的行为，其氧化还原化学在电化学燃料电池中很重要，并已被详细研究，为讨论改变表面对称性和金属反应性对界面结构的影响提供了一个很好的参考系统。描述了羟基和水合“水合氢”物种的存在和作用的证据，我们讨论了未来实验的前景并确定了一些仍有待解决的问题。