Abstract Enzyme-based catalysis has become one of the most important disciplines in organic synthesis and plays a noteworthy role in the establishment of many chemical industries, e.g. fine chemicals, food or energy, textiles, agricultural, cosmeceutical, medicinal and pharmaceutical industries. However, pristine enzymes fail to demonstrate requisite functionalities for an industrial setting where extremely specific and stable catalysts are required. Immobilization enhances the catalytic stability and activity of enzymes and trims the overall cost burden of the enzyme. Therefore, it widely endeavours for proficient, sustainable, and environmentally responsive catalytic processes. Amongst several immobilization strategies, e.g. (1) supports-assisted, i.e. physical or covalent coupling and (2) supports-free techniques, i.e. cross-linked enzyme crystals (CLECs) or aggregates are the most promising ones and widely pursued for enzyme immobilization purposes. This perspective review focuses on up-to-date developments in the area of enzyme immobilization and presents their potentialities to upgrade and/or modify enzyme properties. Both types of immobilization strategies, i.e. supports-assisted and supports-free techniques are discussed with particular reference to CLECs or aggregates and protein-coated microcrystals. Also, several useful traits achieved after immobilization are also discussed in the second half of the review.

中文翻译：

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修饰酶的生物催化特性以实现高效的生物催化：从固定化策略的角度回顾

摘要 酶催化已成为有机合成中最重要的学科之一，在精细化工、食品或能源、纺织、农业、药妆、医药和制药等许多化学工业的建立中发挥着重要作用。然而，对于需要极其特殊和稳定的催化剂的工业环境，原始酶无法展示必要的功能。固定化提高了酶的催化稳定性和活性，并降低了酶的整体成本负担。因此，它广泛致力于熟练、可持续和环境响应的催化过程。在几种固定策略中，例如 (1) 支持辅助，即物理或共价偶联和 (2) 无支持技术，即 交联酶晶体 (CLEC) 或聚集体是最有前途的，并广泛用于酶固定化目的。本综述重点关注酶固定化领域的最新发展，并展示了它们升级和/或修改酶特性的潜力。讨论了两种类型的固定策略，即支持辅助和无支持技术，具体参考 CLEC 或聚集体和蛋白质包被的微晶。此外，在评论的后半部分还讨论了固定后获得的几个有用的特征。本综述重点关注酶固定化领域的最新发展，并展示了它们升级和/或修改酶特性的潜力。讨论了两种类型的固定策略，即支持辅助和无支持技术，具体参考 CLEC 或聚集体和蛋白质包被的微晶。此外，在评论的后半部分还讨论了固定后获得的几个有用的特征。本综述重点关注酶固定化领域的最新发展，并展示了它们升级和/或修改酶特性的潜力。讨论了两种类型的固定策略，即支持辅助和无支持技术，具体参考 CLEC 或聚集体和蛋白质包被的微晶。此外，在评论的后半部分还讨论了固定后获得的几个有用的特征。