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Degradation of diclofenac, trimethoprim, carbamazepine, and sulfamethoxazole by laccase from Trametes versicolor: Transformation products and toxicity of treated effluent
Biocatalysis and Biotransformation ( IF 1.4 ) Pub Date : 2019-04-11 , DOI: 10.1080/10242422.2019.1580268
Sultan K. Alharbi 1, 2 , Long D. Nghiem 3, 4 , Jason P. van de Merwe 5 , Frederic D. L. Leusch 5 , Muhammad B. Asif 3 , Faisal I. Hai 3 , William E. Price 1
Affiliation  

Abstract The degradation of diclofenac (DCF), trimethoprim (TMP), carbamazepine (CBZ), and sulfamethoxazole (SMX) by laccase from Trametes versicolor was investigated. Experiments were conducted using the pharmaceuticals individually, or as a mixture at different initial concentrations (1.25 and 5 mg/L each). The initial enzymatic activity of all the treated samples was around 430–460 U(DMP)/L. The removal of the four selected pharmaceuticals tested individually was more effective than when tested in mixtures under the same conditions. For example, 5 mg DCF/L was completely removed to below its detection limit (1 µg/L) within 8 h in the individual experiment vs. after 24 h when dosed as a mixture with the other pharmaceuticals. A similar trend was visible with other three pharmaceuticals, with 95 vs. 39%, 82 vs. 34% and 56 vs. 49% removal after 48 h with 5 mg/L of TMP, CBZ, and SMX tested individually or as mixtures, respectively. In addition, at the lower initial concentration (1.25 mg/L each), the removal efficiency of TMP, CBZ, and SMX in mixtures was lower than that obtained at the higher initial concentrations (5 mg/L each) during both the individual and combined treatments. Four enzymatic transformation products (TPs) were identified during the individual treatments of DCF and CBZ by T. versicolor. For TMP and SMX, no major TPs were observed under the experimental conditions used. The toxicity of the solution before and after enzymatic treatment of each pharmaceutical was also assessed and all treated effluent samples were verified to be non-toxic.

中文翻译:

花斑栓菌漆酶降解双氯芬酸、甲氧苄氨嘧啶、卡马西平和磺胺甲恶唑:处理出水的转化产物和毒性

摘要 研究了花斑栓菌漆酶对双氯芬酸 (DCF)、甲氧苄啶 (TMP)、卡马西平 (CBZ) 和磺胺甲恶唑 (SMX) 的降解作用。使用单独的药物或作为不同初始浓度的混合物(分别为 1.25 和 5 毫克/升)进行实验。所有处理过的样品的初始酶活性约为 430-460 U(DMP)/L。单独测试的四种选定药物的去除比在相同条件下在混合物中测试时更有效。例如,与其他药物混合给药时,5 mg DCF/L 在 8 小时内被完全去除到其检测限 (1 µg/L) 以下,而在 24 小时后。其他三种药物也有类似的趋势,95 对 39%、82 对 34% 和 56 对 34%。分别使用 5 mg/L 的 TMP、CBZ 和 SMX 单独或作为混合物进行测试,48 小时后去除率为 49%。此外,在较低的初始浓度(各 1.25 mg/L)下,混合物中 TMP、CBZ 和 SMX 的去除效率低于在单个和联合治疗。在杂色毛霉对 DCF 和 CBZ 的单独处理过程中,鉴定出四种酶促转化产物 (TP)。对于 TMP 和 SMX,在使用的实验条件下没有观察到主要的 TP。还评估了每种药物酶处理前后溶液的毒性,并验证所有处理过的流出物样品都是无毒的。在较低的初始浓度(各 1.25 mg/L)下,在单独处理和联合处理期间,混合物中 TMP、CBZ 和 SMX 的去除效率低于在较高初始浓度(各 5 mg/L)下获得的去除效率。在杂色毛霉对 DCF 和 CBZ 的单独处理过程中,鉴定出四种酶促转化产物 (TP)。对于 TMP 和 SMX,在使用的实验条件下没有观察到主要的 TP。还评估了每种药物酶处理前后溶液的毒性,并验证所有处理过的流出物样品都是无毒的。在较低的初始浓度(各 1.25 mg/L)下,在单独处理和联合处理期间,混合物中 TMP、CBZ 和 SMX 的去除效率低于在较高初始浓度(各 5 mg/L)下获得的去除效率。在杂色毛霉对 DCF 和 CBZ 的单独处理过程中,鉴定出四种酶促转化产物 (TP)。对于 TMP 和 SMX,在使用的实验条件下没有观察到主要的 TP。还评估了每种药物酶处理前后溶液的毒性,并验证所有处理过的流出物样品都是无毒的。在杂色毛霉对 DCF 和 CBZ 的单独处理过程中,鉴定出四种酶促转化产物 (TP)。对于 TMP 和 SMX,在使用的实验条件下没有观察到主要的 TP。还评估了每种药物酶处理前后溶液的毒性,并验证所有处理过的流出物样品都是无毒的。在杂色毛霉对 DCF 和 CBZ 的单独处理过程中,鉴定出四种酶促转化产物 (TP)。对于 TMP 和 SMX,在使用的实验条件下没有观察到主要的 TP。还评估了每种药物酶处理前后溶液的毒性,并验证所有处理过的流出物样品都是无毒的。
更新日期:2019-04-11
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