Power asymmetries affect the governance of natural resources but are rarely considered explicitly in ecosystem services research, which often overlooks the diversity of actors and their interactions. In this paper, we propose an innovative and easily replicable method to analyze two types of power asymmetries, using social network analysis and a power typology which distinguishes between influence and domination. We apply this method to a network of actors involved in the governance of eight ecosystem services in the Peruvian Andes. The results reveal substantial power asymmetries, of different types. Indirect managers of ecosystem services had higher influence and domination than the direct managers and beneficiaries. Businesses showed significantly lower influence than members of civil society, non-governmental organizations, and the public sector (state or decentralized organizations, public enterprises). Compared to other actors, members of the public sector had significantly higher domination, especially national actors. Domination and influence relationships strongly increased conflict probability, along with difference of domination score between two actors. A better interdisciplinary understanding of the determinants of power asymmetries can make the governance of socio-ecological systems more sustainable.

中文翻译：

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生态系统服务治理的社会网络中的权力不对称

权力不对称会影响自然资源的治理，但在生态系统服务研究中很少被明确考虑，这往往会忽视参与者的多样性及其相互作用。在本文中，我们提出了一种创新且易于复制的方法来分析两种类型的权力不对称，使用社交网络分析和区分影响和支配的权力类型。我们将此方法应用于参与秘鲁安第斯山脉八项生态系统服务治理的参与者网络。结果揭示了不同类型的重大权力不对称。生态系统服务的间接管理者比直接管理者和受益者具有更高的影响力和支配力。企业的影响力明显低于民间社会、非政府组织、和公共部门（国家或权力下放的组织、公共企业）。与其他行为者相比，公共部门成员的支配地位明显更高，尤其是国家行为者。支配和影响关系极大地增加了冲突概率，以及两个参与者之间支配得分的差异。更好地跨学科理解权力不对称的决定因素可以使社会生态系统的治理更具可持续性。