Abstract Increasing demands to obtain chemicals via greener and more sustainable materials and processes introduces concepts that should be considered and applied from lab to larger scales. Obtaining bioactive chemicals from agro-industrial non-food biomass waste can combine benign techniques and bio-circular economy to reach this goal. After extraction, evaluating profitability and environmental impacts to decide whether separation – and to what extent – is necessary or not is indispensable. This could be integrated into an approach known as sufficiency, as an important criterion for sustainability. From this perspective, Brazil’s annual generation of 8 million tons of orange waste is relevant, since citrus waste has large amounts of high-value compounds, such as pectin, d-limonene and flavonoids. This case study aimed at developing and comparing green and sustainable analytical methods to obtain flavonoids from orange peel. Homogenizer, ultrasound and microwave-assisted extractions were employed using chemometric tools, considering time, sample/solvent ratio, temperature and ethanol concentration as variables to obtain extracts containing hesperidin, naringenin, hesperetin and nobiletin. The bioactive flavonoids were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC-UV). Microwave extraction was the most efficient method for obtaining the majority of flavonoids studied, six times more for hesperidin. Moreover, orange waste from different farming models showed diverse chemical profiles showing the importance of this alternative in natural product resources.

中文翻译：

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分离或不分离：从巴西柑橘废物中绿色可持续地提取生物活性化合物的必要条件和充分条件

摘要 通过更环保、更可持续的材料和工艺获得化学品的需求不断增加，引入了应该从实验室考虑和应用到更大规模的概念。从农业工业非食品生物质废物中获取生物活性化学品可以结合良性技术和生物循环经济来实现这一目标。提取后，评估盈利能力和环境影响以确定是否需要分离以及分离程度是必不可少的。这可以整合到一种称为充分性的方法中，作为可持续性的重要标准。从这个角度来看，巴西每年产生 800 万吨柑橘废料是有关系的，因为柑橘废料含有大量高价值化合物，如果胶、d-柠檬烯和黄酮类化合物。本案例研究旨在开发和比较从橙皮中获取黄酮类化合物的绿色和可持续分析方法。使用化学计量学工具，采用均质器、超声和微波辅助提取，考虑时间、样品/溶剂比、温度和乙醇浓度作为变量，以获得含有橙皮苷、柚皮素、橙皮素和川陈皮素的提取物。生物活性黄酮类化合物通过高效液相色谱法 (HPLC-UV) 测定。微波提取是获得所研究的大多数黄酮类化合物的最有效方法，是橙皮苷的六倍。此外，来自不同耕作模式的橙色废物显示出不同的化学特征，表明这种替代品在天然产品资源中的重要性。