As part of a broader trial of noninvasive methods to research wild wolves (Canis lupus) in Minnesota, USA, we explored whether wolves could be remotely monitored using a new, inexpensive, remotely deployable, noninvasive, passive acoustic recording device, the AudioMoth. We tested the efficacy of AudioMoths in detecting wolf howls and factors influencing detection by placing them at set distances from a captive wolf pack and compared those recordings with real‐time, on‐site howling data between 22 May and 17 June 2019. We identified 1,531 vocalizations grouped into 428 vocal events (236 solo howl series and 192 chorus howls). The on‐site AudioMoth correctly recorded 100% of chorus and solo howls that were also documented in real‐time. The remote array detected 49.5% of chorus and 11.9% of solo howls (≥1 unit detected the event). The closest remote AudioMoth (0.54 km, 0.33 mi) detected 37% of choruses and 8.9% of solo howls. Chorus howls (9.4%) were detected at the farthest unit (3.2 km, 2.0 mi). Favorable wind (carrying source howls to the remote units) and calm (no wind) conditions increased detectability and detection distance of chorus howls. Temperature was inversely related to detection. Given the detection distances we observed, AudioMoths are probably useful in studying specific sites during periods when wolves move less frequently (e.g., during late spring and summer at homesites or potentially during winter at kill sites of very large prey). AudioMoths would also be useful in a passive sampling array (e.g., occupancy studies), especially when used in concert with other methods such as camera‐trapping. Additional research should be conducted in areas with different environmental variables (e.g., wind, temperature, habitat, topography) to determine performance under varying conditions and also when fitted with a parabolic dish. © 2020 The Wildlife Society.

中文翻译：

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测试新的被动式声波记录单元以监视狼

作为研究野狼的非侵入性方法的更广泛试验的一部分（Canis lupus）在美国明尼苏达州，我们探讨了是否可以使用新型，廉价，可远程部署，无创，无源，无声的录音设备AudioMoth对狼进行远程监控。我们通过将AudioMoths放置在离俘虏狼群一定距离的位置，测试了AudioMoths在检测狼how声和影响检测的因素上的功效，并将这些记录与2019年5月22日至6月17日之间的实时现场啸叫数据进行了比较。我们确定了1,531个声乐分为428个声乐事件（236个独奏how声系列和192个合唱）声）。现场AudioMoth正确记录了100％的合唱和独奏ls声，并且也实时进行了记录。远程阵列检测到49.5％的合唱和11.9％的独奏（≥1个单位检测到该事件）。最近的远程AudioMoth（0.54公里，0.33英里）检测到37％的合唱和8.9％的独奏ls声。在最远的单位（3.2 km，2.0 mi）处检测到合唱how叫声（9.4％）。有利的风（将源source叫带到远程装置）和平静的（无风）条件增加了合唱how叫的可检测性和检测距离。温度与检测成反比。考虑到我们观察到的检测距离，AudioMoths在研究狼活动频率较低的特定地点时可能很有用（例如，在春季和夏季在家中或在冬季，在大型猎物被杀死的地方）。AudioMoths在被动采样阵列（例如占用率研究）中也很有用，尤其是在与其他方法（例如摄像头捕获）配合使用时。应该在具有不同环境变量（例如风，温度，栖息地，地形）来确定在不同条件下以及与抛物线形天线配合时的性能。©2020野生动物协会。