At the elevational limit of forest distribution, montane forests show diverse responses to environmental change with upward shifts, increased tree density and lateral expansion reported. To enable informed analysis of the consequences forest advance will have on montane biodiversity, we quantify changes in the area and elevation of the tree line ecotone and identify how patterns of forest advance are modified by topography and over time.

中文翻译：

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尽管平均森林高程没有变化，但高海拔的山地森林扩张推动了非森林面积的迅速减少

在森林分布的海拔极限处，山地森林对环境变化表现出不同的响应，包括向上移动，树木密度增加和横向扩展。为了能够对森林发展对山地生物多样性的后果进行知情分析，我们量化林线过渡带的面积和海拔变化，并确定地形和时间如何改变森林发展的格局。