Abstract Shoreline armoring has repercussions on coastal processes, including reducing the width and height of sandy beaches, which affect coastal ecosystems and ecosystem services. This project, consisting of two parts, was carried out in the Canadian province of Quebec, on the coasts of the St. Lawrence Estuary and Gulf, which cover the territory of 21 coastal Regional County Municipalities (RCM). The objectives were to characterise shoreline armoring in Eastern Quebec, to determine the role played by coastal managers, coastal citizens, and coastal engineers in the coastal defence decision-making process, and to identify possible actions to be taken by each stakeholder to improve coastal engineering development. First, over 3300 km of shoreline were segmented and characterised, allowing the mapping of what proportion of the shoreline was covered by artificial structures. In 2017, coastal defence measures (CDM) occupied about 10% of the shoreline, and 97.6% of them were reflective rigid structures. The second part of the project involved three different consultations carried out in 2017 and 2018 with 300 coastal managers, 494 coastal residents and 51 professionals from environmental and engineering firms to assess their knowledge of CDM types and functions, and to discuss about the decision process leading to the CDM identification. Results of the consultations show a significant change in the type of desired solutions compared to previous studies where rigid structures were clearly preferred. But despite a greater prioritization of soft techniques by professionals from municipalities, ministries' managers and coastal citizens, the rigid structures continue to be the type of solution mostly implemented along Quebec's coasts. This difference can be explained by a number of factors: a lack of specialized knowledge; a lack of funding; a lack of collaborative process; and regulations that are too restrictive for innovative CDM. In addition to an increase of funding for preventive CDM, for long term CDM monitoring and maintenance, for case studies and pilot projects, the main solutions proposed were interdisciplinary projects based on consultation, adjustment of environmental regulations, and development of a tool that would enable decision-makers to evaluate each option in a particular context, so as to identify the most appropriate solutions and make better decisions for the long term.

中文翻译：

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海岸线装甲决策过程的作用：加拿大魁北克的案例研究

摘要 海岸线防护对海岸过程产生影响，包括减小沙滩的宽度和高度，从而影响海岸生态系统和生态系统服务。该项目由两部分组成，在加拿大魁北克省圣劳伦斯河口和海湾沿岸实施，涵盖 21 个沿海地区县市 (RCM) 的领土。目标是描述魁北克东部海岸线装甲的特征，确定海岸管理者、海岸公民和海岸工程师在海岸防御决策过程中所扮演的角色，并确定每个利益相关者为改善海岸工程可能采取的行动发展。首先，对超过 3300 公里的海岸线进行了分割和表征，允许绘制人工结构覆盖的海岸线比例。2017年，海防措施（CDM）约占海岸线的10%，其中97.6%为反射性刚性结构。该项目的第二部分涉及 2017 年和 2018 年与 300 名沿海管理人员、494 名沿海居民和 51 名环境和工程公司的专业人员进行的三项不同的磋商，以评估他们对 CDM 类型和功能的了解，并讨论导致到 CDM 标识。咨询结果表明，与以前的研究相比，刚性结构显然更受欢迎，所需解决方案的类型发生了重大变化。但是，尽管市政当局、各部委的专业人员更加重视软技术 管理人员和沿海居民，刚性结构仍然是魁北克沿海主要实施的解决方案类型。这种差异可以用多种因素来解释：缺乏专业知识；缺乏资金；缺乏协作过程；以及对创新 CDM 过于严格的法规。除了增加用于预防性 CDM、长期 CDM 监测和维护、案例研究和试点项目的资金外，提出的主要解决方案是基于协商、环境法规调整和开发工具的跨学科项目。决策者在特定背景下评估每个选项，以确定最合适的解决方案并做出更好的长期决策。刚性结构仍然是主要沿魁北克海岸实施的解决方案类型。这种差异可以用多种因素来解释：缺乏专业知识；缺乏资金；缺乏协作过程；以及对创新 CDM 过于严格的法规。除了增加用于预防性 CDM、长期 CDM 监测和维护、案例研究和试点项目的资金外，提出的主要解决方案是基于协商、环境法规调整和开发工具的跨学科项目。决策者在特定背景下评估每个选项，以确定最合适的解决方案并做出更好的长期决策。刚性结构仍然是主要沿魁北克海岸实施的解决方案类型。这种差异可以用多种因素来解释：缺乏专业知识；缺乏资金；缺乏协作过程；以及对创新 CDM 过于严格的法规。除了增加用于预防性 CDM、长期 CDM 监测和维护、案例研究和试点项目的资金外，提出的主要解决方案是基于协商、环境法规调整和开发工具的跨学科项目。决策者在特定背景下评估每个选项，以确定最合适的解决方案并做出更好的长期决策。这种差异可以用多种因素来解释：缺乏专业知识；缺乏资金；缺乏协作过程；以及对创新 CDM 过于严格的法规。除了增加用于预防性 CDM、长期 CDM 监测和维护、案例研究和试点项目的资金外，提出的主要解决方案是基于协商、环境法规调整和开发工具的跨学科项目。决策者在特定背景下评估每个选项，以确定最合适的解决方案并做出更好的长期决策。这种差异可以用多种因素来解释：缺乏专业知识；缺乏资金；缺乏协作过程；以及对创新 CDM 过于严格的法规。除了增加用于预防性 CDM、长期 CDM 监测和维护、案例研究和试点项目的资金外，提出的主要解决方案是基于协商、环境法规调整和开发工具的跨学科项目。决策者在特定背景下评估每个选项，以确定最合适的解决方案并做出更好的长期决策。