ABSTRACT This study represents a comprehensive discussion of hydroxyapatite (HAp) formation from human and bovine bones. The phase formation and surface morphologies of prepared HAp powders were determined by XRD and SEM analyses, respectively. TEM was employed to understand the internal compositions with high magnifications and particle size. FT-IR characterizations provided information about molecular interactions and structures. In order to understand the effect of heat treatment at different temperatures and ultimately to get the desired morphology/particle size of the HAp powders derived from human and bovine, the powder samples were calcined at 700° to 1100°C with an interval of 100°C. At 700°C, the organic components were removed and finally, a carbonate apatite was obtained. The degree of crystallinity and crystallite size were noticed to increase progressively with calcination temperature. The overall results showed that the calcination temperature highly influenced the properties of HAp powders derived from human and bovine bone samples. As expected, higher temperatures led to more pure form of HAp with higher degree of crystallinity, larger crystallite size, and a less porous structure. Besides, the human bone structure, in contrary to the bovine bone, did not show temperature sensitivity by means of crystallite size increase. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

中文翻译：

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煅烧对人骨和牛骨中羟基磷灰石粉末显微组织发育和性能的影响

摘要 这项研究代表了对人类和牛骨中羟基磷灰石 (HAp) 形成的全面讨论。制备的HAp粉末的相形成和表面形貌分别通过XRD和SEM分析确定。使用 TEM 来了解具有高放大倍数和粒度的内部成分。FT-IR 表征提供了有关分子相互作用和结构的信息。为了了解不同温度下热处理的影响并最终获得来自人和牛的 HAp 粉末的所需形态/粒径，粉末样品在 700° 至 1100°C 下煅烧，间隔为 100° C。在700℃下，有机成分被去除，最终得到碳酸盐磷灰石。注意到结晶度和微晶尺寸随着煅烧温度逐渐增加。总体结果表明，煅烧温度对源自人和牛骨样品的 HAp 粉末的性质有很大影响。正如预期的那样，更高的温度导致更纯的 HAp 形式，具有更高的结晶度、更大的微晶尺寸和更少的多孔结构。此外，与牛骨相反，人骨结构没有通过微晶尺寸增加而表现出温度敏感性。图形概要 更高的温度导致更纯的 HAp 形式，具有更高的结晶度、更大的微晶尺寸和更少的多孔结构。此外，与牛骨相反，人骨结构没有通过微晶尺寸增加而表现出温度敏感性。图形概要 更高的温度导致更纯的 HAp 形式，具有更高的结晶度、更大的晶粒尺寸和更少的多孔结构。此外，与牛骨相反，人骨结构没有通过微晶尺寸增加而表现出温度敏感性。图形概要