Abstract Epigenetic regulation of gene expression plays a key role in controlling many cellular processes. One essential element of such regulation are miRNAs—a class of short non-coding RNAs. The miRNAs were first discovered in 1993, but their active investigation was not started until early 2000s. Recent data show that miRNAs regulate the expression of at least half of human genes. Being involved in regulation of numerous target genes implicated in cell functioning, miRNA activity is critical for normal human development and function, while dysregulation of miRNA is a hallmark of various pathophysiological processes. Current review introduces the reader to the main stages of miRNA life cycle in human cells. The origins of cellular miRNAs, their biogenesis, functions, and regulation of their activity are discussed. The publication is aimed at readers looking for first insights into the intricacies of miRNA biology, but can also serve as a source of reference material for specialists in the area.

中文翻译：

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miRNA 生物学基础：结构、生物发生和调节功能

摘要 基因表达的表观遗传调控在控制许多细胞过程中起着关键作用。这种调控的一个基本要素是 miRNA——一类短的非编码 RNA。miRNA 于 1993 年首次被发现，但直到 2000 年代初才开始积极研究。最近的数据表明，miRNA 调节至少一半人类基因的表达。miRNA 参与调节与细胞功能有关的众多靶基因，对正常人类发育和功能至关重要，而 miRNA 的失调是各种病理生理过程的标志。当前评论向读者介绍了人类细胞中 miRNA 生命周期的主要阶段。讨论了细胞 miRNA 的起源、它们的生物发生、功能和对其活性的调节。