Abstract Squalene is a triterpene of pharmaceutical interest, due to its antioxidant and anticancer properties. Amaranth oil is a source of plant origin with high squalene content which is extracted by conventional methods that involve high cost, time-consuming and create large amounts of waste by-products or CO2 emissions. In this study, the microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) was used to obtain amaranth oil rich in squalene under closed conditions. The optimization of squalene yield (SQ) was conducted using response surface methodology by a Box-Behnken design (BBD) with 33 factors: time (20, 25, 30 min), solvent–co-solvent (50:50, 60:40, 70:30 v/v) and temperature (40, 60, 80 °C). The effect of factors on yield was measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry followed by a comparison of the yield and chemical composition than those obtained by Soxhlet extraction (n-hexane during 6 h). Optimal conditions produced a squalene yield of 16,456 mg·100g−1 oil versus 7,967 mg·100g−1 oil for conventional extraction. The ratio solvent and heating time significantly affected the yield, but the chemical composition and quality of extract were not affected, there were no oxidation products derived from the heat treatment. MAE has proven to be an environmental-friendly option with a significant reduction in time, energy and avoids solvent consumption.

中文翻译：

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苋属植物角鲨烯的微波辅助提取工艺优化 种子

摘要 角鲨烯是一种具有抗氧化和抗癌特性的三萜类药物。苋菜油是一种富含角鲨烯的植物来源，通过传统方法提取，成本高、耗时长，并会产生大量废弃副产品或二氧化碳排放。本研究采用微波辅助萃取 (MAE) 在密闭条件下获得富含角鲨烯的苋菜油。角鲨烯产率 (SQ) 的优化是通过 Box-Behnken 设计 (BBD) 使用响应面方法进行的，其中包含 33 个因素：时间（20、25、30 分钟）、溶剂-共溶剂（50:50、60:40 , 70:30 v/v) 和温度 (40, 60, 80 °C)。通过气相色谱-质谱法测量各因素对产量的影响，然后将产量和化学成分与索氏提取（6 小时内的正己烷）所获得的产量和化学成分进行比较。最佳条件产生的角鲨烯产量为 16,456 mg·100g-1 油，而传统提取的角鲨烯产量为 7,967 mg·100g-1。溶剂配比和加热时间对收率有显着影响，但不影响提取物的化学成分和质量，没有热处理产生的氧化产物。MAE 已被证明是一种环保选择，可显着减少时间、能源并避免溶剂消耗。溶剂配比和加热时间对收率有显着影响，但不影响提取物的化学成分和质量，没有热处理产生的氧化产物。MAE 已被证明是一种环保选择，可显着减少时间、能源并避免溶剂消耗。溶剂配比和加热时间对收率有显着影响，但不影响提取物的化学成分和质量，没有热处理产生的氧化产物。MAE 已被证明是一种环保选择，可显着减少时间、能源并避免溶剂消耗。