Susceptibility to the pandemic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has recently been associated with ABO blood groups in patients of different ethnicities. This study sought to understand the genetic association of this polymorphic system with risk of disease in Iraqi patients. Two outcomes of COVID-19, recovery and death, were also explored. ABO blood groups were determined in 300 hospitalized COVID-19 Iraqi patients (159 under therapy, 104 recovered, and 37 deceased) and 595 healthy blood donors. The detection kit for 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) RNA (PCR-Fluorescence Probing) was used in the diagnosis of disease. Mean age was significantly increased in patients compared to controls (49.8 ± 11.7 vs. 28.9 ± 6.6 years; p < 0.001). A similar observation was made in recovered (42.1 ± 10.4 vs. 28.9 ± 6.6 years; p < 0.001) and deceased (53.6 ± 9.7 vs. 28.9 ± 6.6 years; p < 0.001) cases. The mean age was also significantly increased in deceased cases compared to recovered cases (53.6 ± 9.7 vs. 42.1 ± 10.4 years; p < 0.001). There were gender-dependent differences in COVID-19 prevalence. The percentage of COVID-19 was higher in males than in females (all cases: 59.7 vs. 40.3%; recovered cases: 55.8 vs. 44.2%). Such male-gender preponderance was more pronounced in deceased cases (67.6 vs. 32.4%). Logistic regression analysis revealed that groups AB and B + AB were significantly associated with increased risk to develop COVID-19 (OR = 3.10; 95% CI 1.59–6.05; pc = 0.007 and OR = 2.16; 95% CI 1.28–3.63; pc = 0.028, respectively). No ABO-associated risk was observed in recovered cases. On the contrary, groups A (OR = 14.60; 95% CI 2.85–74.88; pc = 0.007), AB (OR = 12.92; 95% CI 2.11–79.29; pc = 0.042), A + AB (OR = 14.67; 95% CI 2.98–72.33; pc = 0.007), and A + B + AB (OR = 9.67; 95% CI 2.02–46.24; pc = 0.035) were associated with increased risk of death in deceased cases. The findings of this study suggest that group AB may be a susceptibility biomarker for COVID-19, while group A may be associated with increased risk of death.

中文翻译：

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评估伊拉克患者 ABO 血型与 2019 年冠状病毒病 (COVID-19) 之间的关联


最近发现，不同种族患者对 2019 年大流行冠状病毒病 (COVID-19) 的易感性与 ABO 血型有关。本研究旨在了解这种多态性系统与伊拉克患者患病风险的遗传关联。还探讨了 COVID-19 的两种结果：康复和死亡。对 300 名住院的 COVID-19 伊拉克患者（159 名正在接受治疗、104 名康复者和 37 名死亡者）和 595 名健康献血者进行了 ABO 血型测定。 2019新型冠状病毒（2019-nCoV）RNA检测试剂盒（PCR-荧光探针）用于疾病诊断。与对照组相比，患者的平均年龄显着增加（49.8 ± 11.7 岁 vs. 28.9 ± 6.6 岁；p < 0.001）。在康复病例（42.1 ± 10.4 对比 28.9 ± 6.6 岁；p < 0.001）和死亡病例（53.6 ± 9.7 对比 28.9 ± 6.6 岁；p < 0.001）中也进行了类似的观察。与康复病例相比，死亡病例的平均年龄也显着增加（53.6 ± 9.7 岁 vs. 42.1 ± 10.4 岁；p < 0.001）。 COVID-19 患病率存在​​性别差异。男性中的 COVID-19 百分比高于女性（所有病例：59.7% vs. 40.3%；康复病例：55.8% vs. 44.2%）。这种男性优势在已故病例中更为明显（67.6% vs. 32.4%）。 Logistic 回归分析显示，AB 组和 B + AB 组与罹患 COVID-19 的风险增加显着相关（OR = 3.10；95% CI 1.59–6.05；pc = 0.007 和 OR = 2.16；95% CI 1.28–3.63；pc = 0.028，分别）。在康复病例中未观察到与 ABO 相关的风险。相反，A 组（OR = 14.60；95% CI 2.85–74.88；pc = 0.007）、AB 组（OR = 12.92；95% CI 2.11–79.29；pc = 0.042）、A + AB（OR = 14.67；95 % CI 2.98–72.33；pc = 0。007) 和 A + B + AB (OR = 9.67; 95% CI 2.02–46.24; pc = 0.035) 与死亡病例死亡风险增加相关。这项研究的结果表明，AB 组可能是 COVID-19 的易感性生物标志物，而 A 组可能与死亡风险增加有关。