Context-free outcome measures, such as overall leisure-time physical activity (LTPA), are habitually applied to study the neighborhood built environment correlates of physical activity. This cross sectional study identifies and empirically tests potential methodological limitations related to the use of context-free measures and discusses how these may help in the interpretation of inconsistent associations between participation in moderate-to-vigorous LTPA and objectively measured neighborhood-level built environment attributes. We employ a public participation geographic information system (PPGIS), an advanced participatory mapping method, to study the spatial distribution of moderate-to-vigorous LTPA among adult urban Finnish residents (n 1322). Secondary sources of GIS land-use and sport facility data were used to disaggregate respondent-mapped LTPA by the behavioral context, such as indoor and outdoor sport facilities, green spaces, and other public open spaces. Associations between the use of the identified LTPA settings and a range of objectively measured neighborhood built environment attributes were studied with multilevel logistic regression models. Disaggregated by behavioral context, we observed varied and partly opposite built environment correlates for LTPA. The use of indoor and outdoor sport facilities showed no significant associations with their neighborhood availability, but were significantly associated with personal-level attributes. By contrast, participation in LTPA in green and built public open space shared significant associations with access to and availability of neighborhood green space that persisted after controlling for personal-level covariates. Moreover, neighborhood distances up to 1600 m poorly captured participation in moderate-to-vigorous LTPA, as, on average, 40% of visits were located further from home. However, we found the immediate home environment to be an important LTPA setting for the least active participants. This study demonstrates that LTPA can be a highly heterogeneous measure regarding both the spatial distribution and the environmental correlates of behavioral contexts. The results show that context-free LTPA outcome measures yield inconsistent associations with built environment exposure variables, challenging the applicability of such measures in designing neighborhood-level built environment interventions.

中文翻译：

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成人的休闲时间体育活动和邻里建筑环境：情境视角。

通常使用无背景结果度量（例如总体休闲时间体育活动（LTPA））来研究体育活动在邻里建立的环境相关性。这项横断面研究确定并凭经验测试了与使用无上下文措施相关的潜在方法学局限性，并讨论了这些局限性如何有助于解释中低强度LTPA参与与客观测量的邻里级建筑环境属性之间不一致的关联。 。我们采用公众参与地理信息系统（PPGIS）（一种先进的参与式测绘方法）来研究芬兰成年城市居民中中度到剧烈LTPA的空间分布（n 1322）。GIS土地利用和运动设施数据的辅助来源用于通过行为环境（例如室内和室外运动设施，绿色空间和其他公共场所）对受访者映射的LTPA进行分类。使用多级逻辑回归模型研究了已识别的LTPA设置的使用与一系列客观测量的邻里建立的环境属性之间的关联。按行为上下文分类，我们观察到了LTPA的变化且部分相反的构建环境关联。室内和室外运动设施的使用与社区可用性之间没有显着关联，但与个人级别属性显着相关。相比之下，在绿色和已建成的公共开放空间中参与LTPA，与控制个人水平的协变量后仍然存在的社区绿色空间的访问和可用性有着显着的联系。此外，高达1600 m的邻里距离很难吸引到中度至剧烈的LTPA，因为平均而言，有40％的探望者离家较远。但是，对于最不活跃的参与者，我们发现即时的家庭环境是重要的LTPA设置。这项研究表明，就行为情境的空间分布和环境相关性而言，LTPA可以是一种高度异构的度量。结果表明，无背景的LTPA结果测量结果与已建立的环境暴露变量产生不一致的关联，