Liquefaction-induced lateral spreading has caused severe damages to the infrastructures. To predict the liquefaction-induced lateral spreading, a hybrid approach was proposed based on the Newmark sliding-block model. One-dimensional effective stress analysis based on the borehole investigation of the site was conducted to obtain the triggering time of liquefaction and acceleration time history. Shear wave velocity of the liquefiable soil was used to estimate the residual shear strength of liquefiable soil. The limit equilibrium analysis was conducted to determine the yield acceleration corresponding with the residual shear strength of liquefied soil. The liquefaction-induced lateral spreading was calculated based on the Newmark sliding-block model. A case study based on Wildlife Site Array during the 1987 Superstition Hills earthquake was conducted to evaluate the performance of the hybrid approach. The results showed that the hybrid approach was capable of predicting liquefaction-induced lateral spreading and the calculated lateral spreading was 1.5 times the observed displacement in terms of Wildlife Site Array. Numerical simulations with two other constitutive models of liquefiable sand were conducted in terms of effective stress analyses to reproduce the change of lateral spreading and excess pore water ratio over the dynamic time of Wildlife Site Array. Results of numerical simulations indicated that the lateral spreading varied with the triggering time of liquefaction when different constitutive models were used. The simulations using PM4sand and UBC3D-PLM constitutive models predicted 5.2 times and 4 times the observed lateral spreading, respectively. To obtain the site response, the motions recorded at and below the ground surface were analyzed using the Hilbert–Huang transform. The low-frequency content of the motion below the ground surface was amplified at the ground surface, and the liquefaction effect resulted in a shift of the frequency content. By comparing the response spectra of the entire ground surface motion and the ground surface motion from the beginning to the triggering time of liquefaction, the liquefaction effect at the site was confirmed.

中文翻译：

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地震液化引起横向扩展的混合方法

液化引起的横向扩散已经严重破坏了基础设施。为了预测液化引起的横向扩展，提出了一种基于纽马克滑块模型的混合方法。根据现场钻孔情况进行一维有效应力分析，得到液化的触发时间和加速时间历程。用液化土的剪切波速度来估算液化土的残余剪切强度。进行极限平衡分析以确定与液化土的残余抗剪强度相对应的屈服加速度。基于Newmark滑块模型计算液化引起的横向扩展。进行了一个以1987年迷信山地震为基础的野生动物场阵列的案例研究，以评估混合方法的性能。结果表明，该混合方法能够预测液化引起的横向扩展，计算得出的横向扩展是野生生物站点阵列观测到的位移的1.5倍。在有效应力分析方面，利用其他两个可液化砂本构模型进行了数值模拟，以再现在野生生物现场阵列动态时间内横向扩展和过量孔隙水比的变化。数值模拟结果表明，当使用不同的本构模型时，横向扩展随液化触发时间而变化。使用PM4sand和UBC3D-PLM本构模型进行的模拟分别预测观察到的横向扩展的5.2倍和4倍。为了获得现场响应，使用希尔伯特-黄（Hilbert-Huang）变换分析了在地面及其下方记录的运动。地表以下运动的低频成分在地表被放大，液化作用导致频率成分发生偏移。通过比较整个地面运动和从开始到液化触发时间的整个地面运动的响应谱，可以确定现场的液化效果。地表以下运动的低频成分在地表被放大，液化作用导致频率成分发生偏移。通过比较整个地面运动和从开始到液化触发时间的整个地面运动的响应谱，可以确定现场的液化效果。地表以下运动的低频成分在地表被放大，液化作用导致频率成分发生偏移。通过比较整个地面运动和从开始到液化触发时间的整个地面运动的响应谱，可以确定现场的液化效果。