Pain and substance use are frequently comorbid and have been shown to exert bidirectional effects. Self-medication of pain and distress via substance use is common and can be understood via negative reinforcement, ultimately strengthening the pathway between pain to substance use over time. As such, a testable model of the potentially modifiable candidate mechanisms that underlie the pain to substance use pathway is needed.

中文翻译：

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CANUE：疼痛作为物质使用前因的理论模型。

疼痛和物质使用常常是共病的，并且已被证明会产生双向影响。通过物质使用自我治疗疼痛和痛苦是很常见的，可以通过负强化来理解，最终会随着时间的推移加强疼痛与物质使用之间的途径。因此，需要一个潜在的可修改候选机制的可测试模型，这些机制是物质使用途径的痛苦基础。