We have studied the effects of electrical current pulses on skyrmion nucleation in a series of Pt/Co/Ni-based multilayers. Transmission X-ray microscopy reveals that by applying electrical current pulses of duration and current density on the order of 50 s and 10^09-10 A/m^2, respectively, in an applied perpendicular magnetic field of 50 mT, stripe-to-skyrmion transformations are attained. The skyrmions remain stable across a wide range of magnetic fields, including zero field. We primarily attribute the transition to current-induced Joule heating, with the minor contribution of spin-orbit torques. Reducing the magnetic moment and perpendicular anisotropy using rare-earth spacers lowers the current and magnetic field needed to accomplish the transition. These findings support the idea that energetic inputs allow for the formation and stabilization of skyrmions in a broader class of materials than previously thought possible, and that material properties can be tuned to yield a more energy-efficient stabilization of the skyrmion phase.

中文翻译：

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使用焦耳加热在Co / Ni / Pt基多层膜中高能效地产生天生离子相

我们研究了一系列Pt / Co / Ni基多层膜中电流脉冲对skyrmion成核的影响。透射X射线显微镜显示，在50 mT的垂直磁场中，通过分别施加持续时间和电流密度分别为50 s和10 ^ 09-10 A / m ^ 2的电流脉冲， -skyrmion转换。天体离子在包括零磁场在内的各种磁场中均保持稳定。我们主要将过渡归因于电流引起的焦耳热，而自旋轨道转矩的贡献很小。使用稀土间隔物降低磁矩和垂直各向异性会降低完成过渡所需的电流和磁场。