Farming of marine organisms (mariculture) represented 36% of global aquaculture, with mollusks representing 58.8% in live weight. Mollusk populations in some locations are, however, threatened by degradation of the ecosystems and/or over-fishing. This threat is increasingly being addressed through Restorative Shellfish Mariculture (RSM), as opposed to mariculture alone. There is no general consensus in the literature on what can and cannot be considered RSM. While maximization of benefits other than provisioning services is often considered a prerequisite, in other cases the maximization of fisheries yields is prioritized. Here we define RSM as the farming of marine shellfish, implying some form of intervention during the species life cycle, in order to address negative socio-ecological issues arising from the unsustainable use of marine ecosystems, independent of the final ownership regime of the resource. Strategies for developing RSM were reviewed and classified along a gradient from the most conservation-oriented (e.g., habitat restoration, reintroduction of locally extinct endangered species), to the most fisheries-oriented (including some forms of fisheries enhancement), and classified as Non-hatchery Dependent or Hatchery Dependent strategies. We reviewed the targeted species and strategies implemented across 584 individual projects developed in the last decades in North America, Europe, Asia, Oceania and South America. We found that some 48 species, including 34 bivalves and 15 gastropods were targets of RSM in 34 countries. US projects accounted for ca. three quarters of the total (N = 438), with Philippines, Japan and Australia also being home to a large number. More than 90% of the projects involved five species, namely the eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica, N = 379), the giant clam (Tridacna gigas, N = 65), the Olympia oyster (Ostrea lurida, N = 25), the bay scallop (Argopecten irradians, N = 25) and the hard clam (Mercenaria mercenaria, N = 15). Of the RSM projects, 51% used Non-hatchery dependent methods, mostly habitat restoration providing substrata for settlement, whereas some 49% involved hatcheries. 3% of the projects combined both methods. This review provides an overview of the breadth, depth and aims of RSM globally, develops a broad definition of the activity, and proposes a structure for classifying RSM.

中文翻译：

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恢复性贝类海水养殖的全球概览

海洋生物养殖（海水养殖）占全球水产养殖的 36%，软体动物占活重的 58.8%。然而，一些地区的软体动物种群受到生态系统退化和/或过度捕捞的威胁。这种威胁越来越多地通过恢复性贝类海水养殖 (RSM) 来解决，而不是单独进行海水养殖。关于什么可以和不可以被视为 RSM，文献中没有达成普遍共识。虽然提供服务以外的利益最大化通常被认为是一个先决条件，但在其他情况下，渔业产量的最大化是优先考虑的。在这里，我们将 RSM 定义为海洋贝类的养殖，意味着在物种生命周期中进行某种形式的干预，以解决因不可持续地利用海洋生态系统而产生的负面社会生态问题，而与资源的最终所有权制度无关。制定 RSM 的战略按照从最注重保护（例如，栖息地恢复、重新引入当地灭绝的濒危物种）到最注重渔业（包括某些形式的渔业增强）的梯度进行审查和分类，并归类为非-hatchery Dependent 或 Hatchery Dependent 策略。我们回顾了过去几十年在北美、欧洲、亚洲、大洋洲和南美洲开发的 584 个单独项目中实施的目标物种和策略。我们发现大约 48 个物种，包括 34 个双壳类动物和 15 个腹足动物是 34 个国家/地区的 RSM 目标。美国项目占约。总数的四分之三 (N = 438)，其中菲律宾、日本和澳大利亚也有很多。90%以上的项目涉及5个物种，即东部牡蛎（Crassostrea virginica，N = 379）、巨蛤（Tridacna gigas，N = 65）、奥林匹亚牡蛎（Ostrea lurida，N = 25）、海湾扇贝（Argopecten irradians，N = 25）和硬蛤（Mercenaria mercenaria，N = 15）。在 RSM 项目中，51% 使用不依赖孵化场的方法，主要是栖息地恢复，为定居提供基质，而约 49% 涉及孵化场。3% 的项目结合了两种方法。本综述概述了 RSM 在全球范围内的广度、深度和目标，对活动进行了广泛的定义，并提出了对 RSM 进行分类的结构。日本和澳大利亚也是大量人口的家园。90%以上的项目涉及5个物种，即东部牡蛎（Crassostrea virginica，N = 379）、巨蛤（Tridacna gigas，N = 65）、奥林匹亚牡蛎（Ostrea lurida，N = 25）、海湾扇贝（Argopecten irradians，N = 25）和硬蛤（Mercenaria mercenaria，N = 15）。在 RSM 项目中，51% 使用不依赖孵化场的方法，主要是栖息地恢复，为定居提供基质，而约 49% 涉及孵化场。3% 的项目结合了两种方法。本综述概述了 RSM 在全球范围内的广度、深度和目标，对活动进行了广泛的定义，并提出了对 RSM 进行分类的结构。日本和澳大利亚也是大量人口的家园。90%以上的项目涉及5个物种，即东部牡蛎（Crassostrea virginica，N = 379）、巨蛤（Tridacna gigas，N = 65）、奥林匹亚牡蛎（Ostrea lurida，N = 25）、海湾扇贝（Argopecten irradians，N = 25）和硬蛤（Mercenaria mercenaria，N = 15）。在 RSM 项目中，51% 使用不依赖孵化场的方法，主要是栖息地恢复，为定居提供基质，而约 49% 涉及孵化场。3% 的项目结合了两种方法。本综述概述了 RSM 在全球范围内的广度、深度和目标，对活动进行了广泛的定义，并提出了对 RSM 进行分类的结构。巨蛤（Tridacna gigas，N = 65）、Olympia 牡蛎（Ostrea lurida，N = 25）、海湾扇贝（Argopecten irradians，N = 25）和硬蛤（Mercenaria mercenaria，N = 15）。在 RSM 项目中，51% 使用不依赖孵化场的方法，主要是栖息地恢复，为定居提供基质，而约 49% 涉及孵化场。3% 的项目结合了两种方法。本综述概述了 RSM 在全球范围内的广度、深度和目标，对活动进行了广泛的定义，并提出了对 RSM 进行分类的结构。巨蛤（Tridacna gigas，N = 65）、Olympia 牡蛎（Ostrea lurida，N = 25）、海湾扇贝（Argopecten irradians，N = 25）和硬蛤（Mercenaria mercenaria，N = 15）。在 RSM 项目中，51% 使用非孵化场依赖方法，主要是栖息地恢复，为定居提供基质，而约 49% 涉及孵化场。3% 的项目结合了两种方法。本综述概述了 RSM 在全球范围内的广度、深度和目标，对活动进行了广泛的定义，并提出了对 RSM 进行分类的结构。主要是栖息地恢复为定居提供基质，而大约 49% 涉及孵化场。3% 的项目结合了两种方法。本综述概述了 RSM 在全球范围内的广度、深度和目标，对活动进行了广泛的定义，并提出了对 RSM 进行分类的结构。主要是栖息地恢复为定居提供基质，而大约 49% 涉及孵化场。3% 的项目结合了两种方法。本综述概述了 RSM 在全球范围内的广度、深度和目标，对活动进行了广泛的定义，并提出了对 RSM 进行分类的结构。