The aquatic habitat of marine “air-breathing” vertebrates provides a significant thermoregulatory challenge due to the high thermal conductivity of water. In addition to temperature changes across their range, air-breathing vertebrates experience temperature changes on the timescale of seconds to minutes as they perform dives to access two critical resources: air at the surface and food at depth. In response to these challenges, air-breathing vertebrates have developed morphological and physiological adaptations that align with their life histories and phylogenies and contribute to homeostasis. However, the physiological and behavioral mechanisms used to maintain thermal balance while diving is still poorly understood. The cardiovascular system is integral to the physiological responses associated with the dive response, exercise, digestion, and thermoregulation. The adjustments required to meet one physiological demand may not be compatible with another and can result in a potential conflict between the various physiological demands imposed on air-breathing divers. We reviewed the literature on thermoregulation while diving in an effort to synthesize our current understanding of the thermoregulatory strategies of diving air-breathing marine vertebrates. Studies have demonstrated that thermoregulatory strategies can involve the temporal separation of two conflicting responses, a compromise in the performance of one response over another, or coordination of synergistic responses. We hope that a review and synthesis of both laboratory and field studies will stimulate future research efforts at the intersection of thermoregulation and diving physiology. Expanding the use of physiological biologgers, particularly to understudied species, will enhance our understanding of how these animals coordinate various physiological demands to maintain homeostasis in a thermally challenging environment.

中文翻译：

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潜水呼吸海洋脊椎动物的体温调节策略：综述

由于水的高导热性，海洋“呼吸空气”脊椎动物的水生栖息地对体温调节提出了重大挑战。除了整个范围内的温度变化外，呼吸空气的脊椎动物在潜水以获取两种关键资源时会经历几秒到几分钟的温度变化：表面的空气和深处的食物。为了应对这些挑战，呼吸空气的脊椎动物已经发展出与其生活史和系统发育相一致的形态和生理适应性，并有助于体内平衡。然而，潜水时用来维持热平衡的生理和行为机制仍然知之甚少。心血管系统是与潜水反应、锻炼、消化、和体温调节。满足一种生理需求所需的调整可能与另一种不兼容，并可能导致对呼吸空气潜水员的各种生理需求之间的潜在冲突。我们回顾了有关潜水时体温调节的文献，以综合我们目前对潜水呼吸海洋脊椎动物体温调节策略的理解。研究表明，体温调节策略可能涉及两种相互冲突的反应在时间上的分离，一种反应的表现优于另一种反应，或协同反应的协调。我们希望实验室和实地研究的回顾和综合将刺激未来在体温调节和潜水生理学交叉领域的研究工作。