In the context of global warming and increasing wildfire occurrence, this study aims to examine, for the first time, the changes in multi-level biodiversity and key soil features related to soil functioning in a burned Mediterranean beech forest. Two years after the 2017 wildfire, changes between burned and unburned plots of beech forest were analyzed for plant communities (vascular plant and cover, bryophytes diversity, structural, chorological, and ecological variables) and soil features (main chemical properties, microbial biomass and activity, bacterial community composition, and diversity), through a synchronic study. Fire-induced changes in the micro-environmental conditions triggered a secondary succession process with colonization by many native pioneer plant species. Indeed, higher frequency (e.g., Scrophularia vernalis L., Rubus hirtus Waldst. and Kit. group, and Funaria hygrometrica Hedw.) or coverage (e.g., Verbascum thapsus L. subsp. thapsus and Digitalis micrantha Roth ex Schweigg.) of the species was observed in the burned plots, whereas the typical forest species showed a reduction in frequency, but not in cover, except for Fagus sylvatica subsp. sylvatica. Overall, an increase in plant species and family richness was found in the burned plots, mainly in the herbaceous and bryophyte layers, compared to the unburned plots. Burned plots showed an increase in therophytes, chamaephytes, cosmopolites, steno-Mediterranean and Atlantic species, and a decrease in geophytes and Eurasiatic plants. Significant differences were found in burned vs. control soils for 10 phyla, 40 classes, 79 orders, 145 families, 342 genera, and 499 species of bacteria, with about 50% of each taxon over-represented and 50% under-represented in burned than in control. Changes in bacterial richness within several families (reduction in Acidobacteriaceae, Solibacteraceae, Rhodospirillaceae, and Sinobacteraceae; increase in Micrococcaceae, Comamonadaceae, Oxalobacteraceae, Pseudomonadaceae, Hymenobacteraceae, Sphingomonadaceae, Cytophagaceae, Nocardioidaceae, Opitutaceae, Solirubrobacteraceae, and Bacillaceae) in burned soil were related to fire-induced chemical changes of soil (pH, electrical conductivity, and cation exchange capacity). No evident effect of the wildfire was found on organic C content, microbial biomass (total microbial carbon and fungal mycelium) and activity, and microbial indexes (fungal percentage of microbial C, metabolic quotient, and quotient of mineralization), suggesting that soil functions remained unchanged in the burned area. Therefore, we hypothesize that, without an additional disturbance event, a re-establishment of beech forest can be expected but with an unpredictable time of post-fire succession.

中文翻译：

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意大利南部沿海山区山毛榉森林多层次生物多样性和土壤特征的变化

在全球变暖和野火增加的背景下，本研究旨在首次考察地中海山毛榉森林多层次生物多样性的变化以及与土壤功能相关的关键土壤特征。在2017年野火发生后的两年，分析了山毛榉林的烧成与未烧成之间的变化，以了解植物群落（维管植物和覆盖物，苔藓植物多样性，结构，形态和生态变量）和土壤特征（主要化学性质，微生物生物量和活性） ，细菌群落组成和多样性）。火在微环境条件下引起的变化触发了许多原生先锋植物物种定殖的次级演替过程。确实，更高的频率（例如，玄参，悬钩子。和套件。组，和葫芦藓藓。）或覆盖（例如，毛蕊花L.亚种蕊花和洋地黄甘菊在观察物种的罗斯前Schweigg。）烧图，而典型的森林物种显示出频率的降低，但不包含在封面中，除了青冈（Fagus sylvatica）亚种。西尔维蒂察。总体而言，与未燃烧的地块相比，在燃烧的地块（主要在草本层和苔藓植物层）发现了植物种类和家庭丰富度的增加。烧毁的地块表明，附生植物，轮生植物，大都会植物，地中海地中海和大西洋物种增加，而地上植物和欧亚大陆植物减少。在10种门，40个类别，79个目，145个科，342属和499种细菌的被烧土壤和对照土壤中发现了显着差异，其中每个分类单元的代表量过高，而被分类土壤的代表量不足50％比控制。几个科中细菌丰富度的变化（酸性细菌科，茄属科，红螺旋藻科和中华细菌科的减少；微球菌科，Comamonadaceae，草酸细菌科，假单胞菌科，处女膜细菌科，鞘氨醇杆菌科，烧过的土壤中的吞噬菌科，诺卡氏菌科，婆婆科，单核细菌科和芽孢杆菌科与火引起的土壤化学变化（pH，电导率和阳离子交换能力）有关。没有发现野火对有机碳含量，微生物生物量（总微生物碳和真菌菌丝体）和活性以及微生物指标（微生物碳的真菌百分率，代谢商和矿化商）没有明显影响，表明土壤功能仍然存在在燃烧区域保持不变。因此，我们假设在没有其他干扰事件的情况下，可以预期重建山毛榉林，但是火后演替的时间无法预测。燃烧土壤中的细菌和芽孢杆菌与细菌引起的土壤化学变化（pH，电导率和阳离子交换能力）有关。没有发现野火对有机碳含量，微生物生物量（总微生物碳和真菌菌丝体）和活性以及微生物指标（微生物碳的真菌百分率，代谢商和矿化商）没有明显影响，表明土壤功能仍然存在在燃烧区域保持不变。因此，我们假设在没有其他干扰事件的情况下，可以预期重建山毛榉林，但是火后演替的时间无法预测。燃烧土壤中的细菌和芽孢杆菌与细菌引起的土壤化学变化（pH，电导率和阳离子交换能力）有关。没有发现野火对有机碳含量，微生物生物量（总微生物碳和真菌菌丝体）和活性以及微生物指标（微生物碳的真菌百分率，代谢商和矿化商）没有明显影响，表明土壤功能仍然存在在燃烧区域保持不变。因此，我们假设在没有其他干扰事件的情况下，可以预期重建山毛榉林，但是火后演替的时间无法预测。和微生物指标（微生物C的真菌百分率，代谢商和矿化商），表明烧伤区的土壤功能保持不变。因此，我们假设在没有其他干扰事件的情况下，可以预期重建山毛榉林，但是火后演替的时间无法预测。和微生物指标（微生物C的真菌百分率，代谢商和矿化商），表明烧伤区的土壤功能保持不变。因此，我们假设在没有其他干扰事件的情况下，可以预期重建山毛榉林，但是火后演替的时间无法预测。