Objective

In pediatric concussion, there has been a shift to consider how pre-injury profiles, such as self-efficacy, affect the recovery trajectory. The aim of this study was to investigate normal ranges of self-efficacy (overall, academic, social, emotional) in youth and to explore its relationship with the effects of daily stressors, operationalized as concussion-like symptoms, demographic factors, pre-injury/learning related factors, and concussion history.

Methods

A cross-sectional study of 1300 uninjured youth 13–18 years old (1111 males, 189 females) was conducted by secondary analysis of clinical pre-injury/baseline concussion data. Demographic information, concussion-like symptoms (Post-concussion Symptom Inventory), and self-efficacy (Self-efficacy Questionnaire for Children) were self-reported.

Results

The most reported concussion-like symptoms were common stress symptoms and there was a strong negative relationship with self-efficacy. Males reported higher self-efficacy than females, but no age effects were observed. Pre-injury factors including learning disability, ADHD, special education, IEP, mental health challenges, history of headaches/migraines, and concussion history were associated with significantly lower overall self-efficacy.

Conclusions

These normative ranges and predictive model can be used to provide a benchmark of self-efficacy to indicate how youth may respond to a concussion, and to inform clinical care during recovery.

中文翻译：

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无脑震荡青年的自我效能：一项规范研究。

目的

在小儿脑震荡中，人们已经开始考虑如何考虑伤害前的状况（例如自我效能）如何影响恢复轨迹。这项研究的目的是调查青年人自我效能的正常范围（总体，学术，社交，情感），并探讨其与日常应激源的影响之间的关系，这些应激源可作为脑震荡状症状，人口统计学因素，伤害前/学习相关因素和脑震荡史。

方法

通过对临床损伤前/基线脑震荡数据进行二次分析，对1300名13-18岁的未受伤青年（1111名男性，189名女性）进行了横断面研究。自我报告人口统计学信息，脑震荡样症状（脑震荡后症状量表）和自我效能感（儿童自我效能感问卷）。

结果

最常见的脑震荡样症状是常见的压力症状，并且与自我效能感之间存在强烈的负相关关系。男性报告的自我效能比女性更高，但未观察到年龄影响。伤害前因素包括学习障碍，多动症，特殊教育，IEP，心理健康挑战，头痛/偏头痛史和脑震荡史与总体自我效能显着降低有关。

结论

这些规范范围和预测模型可用于提供自我效能的基准，以表明青年可能如何应对脑震荡，并在康复期间提供临床护理信息。