Abstract Demands on effective intumescence have led to the development of waterborne intumescent coatings. In this study, potential flame retardant additives were hybridized with different compositions of titanium dioxide and aluminum hydroxide as industrial fillers, and rice husk ash and chicken eggshell as bio-fillers. Aiming to improve the flame retardancy, six coating formulations were characterized based on Bunsen burner fire protection, surface spread of flame, fire propagation and oxygen index. The synergistic effect of fillers on intumescent coating was investigated in detail through physical and mechanical properties based on water resistance, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), eco-label, adhesion and char strength. Significant improvement indicates all coatings require high oxygen concentration to support the burning. From BS 476: Part 7, all coatings were classified as Class 1 showing least distance of flame spreading and fulfilled the best Class O, which limits the amount of heat released in BS 476: Part 6. Coating hybrid with RHA demonstrated the lowest equilibrium temperature of 181 °C, while coating with all hybrid industrial- and bio-fillers had excellent char strength with 43% decremented from its initial thickness. Usage of industrial- and bio-fillers’ hybrid coatings is a realistic and promising way to meet the fire protection features to control the fire growth and limit the fire spread due to their flame retarding efficiency. This study presents a promising approach of hybrid fillers with excellent smoke suppression, enhancement of mechanical strength and high insulation char to slow down the burning behaviors, along with the improvement of anti-dripping tendency.

中文翻译：

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工业和生物填料水性膨胀型混合涂料对阻燃性、物理和机械性能的协同作用

摘要 对有效膨胀性的需求推动了水性膨胀型涂料的发展。在这项研究中，潜在的阻燃添加剂与不同成分的二氧化钛和氢氧化铝作为工业填料，稻壳灰和鸡蛋壳作为生物填料进行了混合。为了提高阻燃性，基于本生灯的防火性能、火焰表面蔓延、火焰传播和氧指数对六种涂料配方进行了表征。通过基于耐水性、扫描电子显微镜 (SEM)、生态标签、附着力和炭强度的物理和机械性能，详细研究了填料对膨胀型涂层的协同作用。显着改善表明所有涂层都需要高氧浓度来支持燃烧。来自 BS 476：第 7 部分，所有涂层均归类为 1 类，显示出最小的火焰传播距离并达到最佳的 O 类，这限制了 BS 476：第 6 部分中释放的热量。与 RHA 混合的涂层表现出 181 °C 的最低平衡温度，而使用所有混合工业和生物填料的涂层具有出色的炭化强度，其初始厚度降低了 43%。使用工业和生物填料的混合涂料是一种现实且有前途的方法，可以满足防火特性，以控制火势蔓延并限制火势蔓延，因为它们具有阻燃效率。这项研究提出了一种有前途的混合填料方法，它具有出色的抑烟性、增强的机械强度和高绝缘炭以减缓燃烧行为，