Abstract With the increase in the penetration of renewable energy resources and advances in metering, communication and edge computing infrastructure, the importance and value of customer-side resources for the provision of transmission-level and distribution-level grid services has increased significantly. As such, this article provides a thorough review on different proposed modeling and control methodologies for selected customer-side resources and examines how each methodology meets the requirement for certain grid services both at the transmission and distribution levels. The services are considered from a competitive markets perspective. Specifically, commercial and residential heating, ventilation and air-conditioning systems (HVACs), water heating units, refrigeration units, batteries and electric vehicles (EVs) are the resources considered. Services considered include frequency regulation, spinning reserves provision, voltage management, deferral of transmission and distribution grid capacity upgrades, reliability and resiliency improvement. Finally, discussions on research needs regarding the usage of groups of heterogeneous resources for cascaded services are presented.

中文翻译：

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将客户资源用于基于市场的输配电级电网服务——综述

摘要 随着可再生能源渗透率的提高以及计量、通信和边缘计算基础设施的进步，客户侧资源对于提供输配电级电网服务的重要性和价值显着增加。因此，本文对选定的客户侧资源的不同建议建模和控制方法进行了全面审查，并检查了每种方法如何满足输电和配电级别的某些电网服务的要求。这些服务是从竞争市场的角度考虑的。具体而言，商业和住宅供暖、通风和空调系统 (HVAC)、水加热装置、制冷装置、电池和电动汽车 (EV) 是考虑的资源。考虑的服务包括频率调节、旋转备用供应、电压管理、传输和配电网容量升级的延迟、可靠性和弹性改进。最后，讨论了关于将异构资源组用于级联服务的研究需求。