Abstract Drum kiln with heat distribution pipe is a new design for vertical drum kiln. It is a small kiln for charcoal, biochar and wood vinegar production. It consists of a 200 l oil drum covered with fiberglass and galvanized steel as an insulator. The heat distribution pipe with slots is installed in the middle part of the kiln. There are four exhaust chimneys for smoke ventilation and wood vinegar collection. The chimneys are covered with condensers for wood vinegar condensation. Two types of biomass for this experiment were tamarind wood and corncob. For tamarind wood, the drum kiln loaded about 40 kg of wood with moisture content of 20–24% using 10–19 kg of firewood. It took about 3.5–5 h to reach maximum temperature (300-430 °C), and cooled down within 3–5 h. In sum, therefore, it took about 8 h for the complete tamarind wood charcoal process. The products were 11–12 kg of tamarind wood charcoal and 12–13 kg of wood vinegar. There was no incompletely carbonized wood and ash. Properties of tamarind wood charcoal were tested following ASTM D7582–15 and ASTM D5865–10. Tamarind wood charcoal showed 5% moisture content, 20–21% volatile matters, 68.7–69.8% fixed carbon, 3.8–5.6% of ash and 30–31 MJ kg−1 heat value. The energy conversion efficiency of the drum kilns with heat distribution pipe was about 40–48%. For biochar production, the drum kiln contained about 20 kg of corncob with moisture content of 21–22%. The process used about 6 kg of firewood. It took about 2.5 h for heating up to 300 °C, and it cooled down within 2.5 h. The products consisted of 5 kg of corncob biochar and 9.4 kg of corncob vinegar. The SEM micrograph presented porous structure of the corncob biochar.

中文翻译：

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木炭和生物炭生产配热管转鼓窑的高能量转换效率

摘要 配热管式转鼓窑是立式转鼓窑的一种新设计。是生产木炭、生物炭和木醋液的小型窑炉。它由一个 200 升的油桶组成，上面覆盖着玻璃纤维和镀锌钢作为绝缘体。带槽的热分布管安装在窑的中部。有四个排气烟囱，用于排烟和收集木醋液。烟囱上覆盖着冷凝器，用于木醋液冷凝。本实验的两种生物质是罗望子木和玉米芯。对于罗望子木材，转鼓窑使用 10-19 公斤木柴装载约 40 公斤水分含量为 20-24% 的木材。大约需要 3.5-5 小时才能达到最高温度（300-430 °C），并在 3-5 小时内冷却。因此，总而言之，完整的罗望子木炭过程大约需要 8 小时。产品为 11-12 公斤罗望子木炭和 12-13 公斤木醋。没有不完全碳化的木材和灰烬。罗望子木炭的特性按照 ASTM D7582-15 和 ASTM D5865-10 进行测试。罗望子木炭的水分含量为 5%，挥发分 20-21%，固定碳 68.7-69.8%，灰分 3.8-5.6%，热值 30-31 MJ kg-1。配热管转鼓窑的能量转换效率约为 40-48%。对于生物炭生产，转鼓窑含有约 20 公斤玉米芯，水分含量为 21-22%。该过程使用了大约 6 公斤的木柴。加热到 300°C 大约需要 2.5 小时，并在 2.5 小时内冷却。产品由 5 公斤玉米芯生物炭和 9.4 公斤玉米芯醋组成。