Peri-urban lakes offer many valued ecosystem services, but their vulnerability to climate change and anthropogenic disturbances increases with increasing human populations the effects and interactions of multiple stressors on lakes can lead to unexpected outcomes, affecting societal and ecological values, it is necessary to evaluate ecosystem trajectories and respective drivers in peri-urban lakes. Better management practices could thus be applied to preserve ecosystem services of peri-urban lakes. We conducted a multi-proxy paleolimnological study on Cultus Lake, British Columbia, a Canadian peri-urban lake experiencing cultural eutrophication, to reconstruct a comprehensive ecological trajectory of the lake over the past ~ 200 years. We also integrated historical data as well as historical archival information to identify the potential drivers of the changes. We identified ca. 1800–1900 CE as a reference period, reflected in muted variations across most paleo-indicators. Minor increases in sedimentary δ 15 N ca. 1880–1940 CE coincided with the onset of anthropogenic modifications to the Cultus Lake watershed. Signs of early eutrophication were evident by ca. 1940 CE, as indicated by increases in all sedimentary pigments. By ca. 1970–1990 CE, elevated concentrations of sedimentary cyanobacterial pigments and changes in diatom species assemblages highlighted the potential interactive effects of multiple stressors, including cultural eutrophication, climate warming and declines in the endangered Cultus Lake sockeye salmon population. Recent (ca. 1990–2008 CE) declines in sedimentary pigments and increases in cladoceran fluxes suggested an increase in top-down control of the lake food web. From the collection of changes observed in the past ~ 200 years in our study, it is clear that Cultus Lake and its associated ecosystem services would benefit from abatement of nutrient loadings from terrestrial and atmospheric sources. Our study emphasizes the complexity and interactivity of drivers in peri-urban lake ecosystems and the necessity of long-term perspectives to contextualize modern ecological conditions to inform lake and watershed management.

中文翻译：

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城市周边湖泊的生态动态：过去 ~ 200 年 Cultus 湖（不列颠哥伦比亚省）的多代理古湖泊学研究

城郊湖泊提供许多有价值的生态系统服务，但它们对气候变化和人为干扰的脆弱性随着人口的增加而增加，多种压力因素对湖泊的影响和相互作用可能导致意想不到的结果，影响社会和生态价值，有必要评估城市周边湖泊的生态系统轨迹和各自的驱动因素。因此，可以采用更好的管理做法来保护城郊湖泊的生态系统服务。我们对不列颠哥伦比亚省 Cultus 湖进行了一项多代理古湖泊学研究，该湖是一个经历文化富营养化的加拿大城郊湖泊，以重建过去 ~ 200 年来湖泊的综合生态轨迹。我们还整合了历史数据和历史档案信息，以确定这些变化的潜在驱动因素。我们确定了大约。公元 1800 年至 1900 年作为参考时期，反映在大多数古指标的变化不大。沉积 δ 15 N 略有增加。公元 1880-1940 年恰逢 Cultus 湖流域的人为改造开始。早期富营养化的迹象是明显的约。公元 1940 年，如所有沉积颜料的增加所示。通过约。1970-1990 CE，沉积蓝藻色素浓度升高和硅藻物种组合的变化突出了多种压力因素的潜在交互影响，包括文化富营养化、气候变暖和濒临灭绝的卡尔图斯湖红鲑鱼种群的下降。最近（大约 1990-2008 CE）沉积色素的减少和枝角类动物通量的增加表明湖泊食物网自上而下的控制增加。从我们研究中过去 ~ 200 年观察到的变化集合来看，很明显 Cultus Lake 及其相关的生态系统服务将受益于来自陆地和大气源的营养负荷的减少。我们的研究强调了城市周边湖泊生态系统中驱动因素的复杂性和交互性，以及将现代生态条件背景化以告知湖泊和流域管理的长期观点的必要性。很明显，Cultus Lake 及其相关的生态系统服务将受益于减少来自陆地和大气来源的养分负荷。我们的研究强调了城市周边湖泊生态系统中驱动因素的复杂性和交互性，以及将现代生态条件背景化以告知湖泊和流域管理的长期观点的必要性。很明显，Cultus Lake 及其相关的生态系统服务将受益于减少来自陆地和大气来源的养分负荷。我们的研究强调了城市周边湖泊生态系统中驱动因素的复杂性和交互性，以及将现代生态条件背景化以告知湖泊和流域管理的长期观点的必要性。