This article provides a perspective on nature-based solutions. First, the argument is developed that nature-based solutions integrate social and ecological systems. Then, theoretical considerations relating to relational values, multifunctionality, transdisciplinarity, and polycentric governance are briefly outlined. Finally, a conceptual model of the social–ecological system of nature-based solutions is synthesised and presented. This conceptual model comprehensively defines the social and ecological external and internal systems that make up nature-based solutions, and identifies theoretical considerations that need to be addressed at different stages of their planning and implementation The model bridges the normative gaps of existing nature-based solution frameworks and could be used for consistent, comprehensive, and transferable comparisons internationally. The theoretical considerations addressed in this article inform practitioners, policymakers, and researchers about the essential components of nature-based solutions. The conceptual model can facilitate the identification of social and ecological interconnections within nature-based solutions and the range of stakeholders and disciplines involved.

本文提供了基于自然的解决方案的观点。首先，有人提出基于自然的解决方案将社会和生态系统整合在一起的论点。然后，简要概述了与关系价值，多功能性，跨学科性和多中心治理有关的理论考虑。最后，综合提出了基于自然的解决方案的社会生态系统的概念模型。该概念模型全面定义了构成基于自然的解决方案的社会和生态外部和内部系统，并确定了在其规划和实施的不同阶段需要解决的理论考虑。该模型弥合了现有基于自然的解决方案的规范空白框架，可用于一致，全面，以及国际上可转让的比较。本文讨论的理论考虑因素可以使从业人员，政策制定者和研究人员了解基于自然的解决方案的基本组成部分。概念模型可以促进在基于自然的解决方案以及涉及的利益相关者和学科范围内识别社会和生态的相互联系。