The stone samples of historical monuments around Yıldız Technical University Besiktas Campus were investigated using DNA extraction-PCR-DGGE methods, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), XRF, and other analytical methods to assess stone decay over the centuries. Microbial diversity was examined by classical cultivation and modern diagnostic methods besides modern analysis techniques. The number of the microorganisms in per gram of stone samples was calculated by microbial culture methods. SEM analysis showed that stone surfaces have too many pores, decaying pieces and microbial colony. It is put forth by XRF analysis that stone materials have some elements serving the growth of microorganisms. It was concluded that there is a close connection the stone structure and microbial growth, most likely mineralogical composition, hardness and porosity of stone. Cyanobacterial microorganisms lived on stone surfaces were also determined using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of PCR-amplified 16S rRNA gene fragments. It was revealed DNA-based molecular analysis of 16S rRNA that 23 bacterial/Cyanobacterial clones were inhabited to stone materials.

中文翻译：

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伊尔迪兹工业大学—伊尔迪兹校区—伊斯坦布尔—土耳其石碑微生物降解情况调查

使用 DNA 提取-PCR-DGGE 方法、扫描电子显微镜 (SEM)、XRF 和其他分析方法对耶尔德兹技术大学贝西克塔斯校区周围历史古迹的石头样本进行了调查，以评估几个世纪以来的石头腐烂情况。除了现代分析技术外，还通过经典培养和现代诊断方法检查了微生物多样性。通过微生物培养法计算每克石材样品中微生物的数量。SEM分析表明石材表面有太多的孔隙、腐烂的碎片和微生物菌落。XRF分析表明，石材中含有一些有助于微生物生长的元素。得出的结论是，石头结构和微生物生长，很可能是矿物成分，有着密切的联系，石材的硬度和孔隙率。生活在石头表面的蓝细菌微生物也使用 PCR 扩增的 16S rRNA 基因片段的变性梯度凝胶电泳 (DGGE) 进行了测定。对 16S rRNA 的基于 DNA 的分子分析表明，23 个细菌/蓝细菌克隆栖息在石材上。