Microplastics (MPs) with an average size of less than 5 mm, along with nanoplastics (NPs) of an average size of fewer than 0.1 μm are the result of huge plastic waste fragmentation or straight environmental emissions. Pollution from micro- and nanoplastics is a worldwide paradigm that raises environmental and human health concerns. They may also comprise very harmful chemicals that are implemented in plants and animals when MPs/NPs are used that may lead to higher accumulation of these compounds in food chains. In addition, higher surface area-to-volume ratio, characteristic of MPs/NPs can contribute to their potentially harmful impact as other pollutants, like continuous organic contaminants, can also be bio-accumulated and adsorbed. A complex issue correlated with MPs/NPs is their ability to absorb and interact with other common pollutants in the environment, such as metals, pharmaceuticals, and other contaminants. Thus, MPs/NPs can directly influence on destiny and toxicity of these substances to the environment and organisms. In this review, first, we introduce possible sources and formation, their destinies, and environmental impact of MPs/NPs and then explain feasible paths of all these particles entering the human body. Then, the review highlights the effect of MPs/NPs on human health. Finally, it provides a brief summary of the potential as well as the neurological toxicity of MPs/NPs.

中文翻译：

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微塑料和纳米塑料对海洋环境和人类健康的影响。

平均塑料尺寸小于5毫米的微塑料（MPs）和平均塑料尺寸小于0.1μm的纳米塑料（NP）是巨大的塑料废物碎片或直接的环境排放的结果。微米和纳米塑料的污染是世界范围内的典范，引起了环境和人类健康的关注。它们还可能包含非常有害的化学物质，在使用MP / NP时会在植物和动物中使用，这可能导致这些化合物在食物链中的积累更高。此外，MPs / NPs较高的表面积/体积比可能会对其潜在的有害影响做出贡献，因为其他污染物（例如连续的有机污染物）也可以被生物积累和吸收。与MPs / NPs有关的一个复杂问题是它们吸收和与环境中其他常见污染物（例如金属，药品和其他污染物）相互作用的能力。因此，MPs / NPs可以直接影响这些物质对环境和生物的命运和毒性。在这篇综述中，我们首先介绍了MPs / NPs的可能来源和形成，它们的命运以及对环境的影响，然后解释了所有这些颗粒进入人体的可行途径。然后，本综述重点介绍了MPs / NPs对人体健康的影响。最后，它提供了MPs / NPs的潜力以及神经毒性的简要概述。在这篇综述中，我们首先介绍了MPs / NPs的可能来源和形成，它们的命运以及对环境的影响，然后解释了所有这些颗粒进入人体的可行途径。然后，本综述重点介绍了MPs / NPs对人体健康的影响。最后，它提供了MPs / NPs的潜力以及神经毒性的简要概述。在这篇综述中，我们首先介绍了MPs / NPs的可能来源和形成，它们的命运以及对环境的影响，然后解释了所有这些颗粒进入人体的可行途径。然后，本综述重点介绍了MPs / NPs对人体健康的影响。最后，它提供了MPs / NPs的潜力以及神经毒性的简要概述。