Histone posttranslational modifications (PTMs) modulate several eukaryotic cellular processes, including transcription, replication, and repair. Vast arrays of modifications have been identified in conventional eukaryotes over the last 20 to 25 years. While initial studies uncovered these primarily on histone tails, multiple modifications were subsequently found on the central globular domains as well. Histones are evolutionarily conserved across eukaryotes, and a large number of their PTMs and the functional relevance of these PTMs are largely conserved. Trypanosomatids, however, are early diverging eukaryotes. Although possessing all four canonical histones as well as several variants, their sequences diverge from those of other eukaryotes, particularly in the tails. Consequently, the modifications they carry also vary. Initial analyses almost 15 years ago suggested that trypanosomatids possessed a smaller collection of histone modifications. However, exhaustive high resolution mass spectrometry analyses in the last few years have overturned this belief, and it is now evident that the “histone code” proposed by Allis and coworkers in the early years of this century is as complex in these organisms as in other eukaryotes. Trypanosomatids cause several diseases, and the members of this group of organisms have varied lifestyles, evolving diverse mechanisms to evade the host immune system, some of which have been found to be principally controlled by epigenetic mechanisms. This minireview aims to acquaint the reader with the impact of histone PTMs on trypanosomatid cellular processes, as well as other facets of trypanosomatid epigenetic regulation, including the influence of three-dimensional (3D) genome architecture, and discusses avenues for future investigations.

中文翻译：

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锥虫类表观遗传调控的组蛋白修饰和其他方面：留下他们的印记。

组蛋白翻译后修饰 (PTM) 调节多种真核细胞过程，包括转录、复制和修复。在过去的 20 到 25 年里，已经在传统真核生物中发现了大量的修饰。虽然最初的研究主要在组蛋白尾部发现了这些，但随后也在中央球状结构域上发现了多种修饰。组蛋白在真核生物中进化上是保守的，并且它们的大量 PTM 和这些 PTM 的功能相关性在很大程度上是保守的。然而，锥虫是早期分化的真核生物。尽管拥有所有四种标准组蛋白以及几种变体，但它们的序列与其他真核生物的序列不同，尤其是在尾部。因此，它们携带的修改也各不相同。大约 15 年前的初步分析表明，锥虫拥有较少的组蛋白修饰集合。然而，最近几年详尽的高分辨率质谱分析推翻了这一信念，现在很明显，Allis 及其同事在本世纪初提出的“组蛋白密码”在这些生物体中与在其他生物体中一样复杂。真核生物。锥虫会引起多种疾病，这组生物的成员有不同的生活方式，进化出不同的机制来逃避宿主免疫系统，其中一些被发现主要由表观遗传机制控制。这篇小综述旨在让读者了解组蛋白 PTM 对锥虫细胞过程的影响，以及锥虫表观遗传调控的其他方面，