The intracellular pathogens Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella enterica, Shigella spp. and Staphylococcus aureus are major causes of foodborne illnesses. Following the ingestion of contaminated food or beverages, pathogens can invade epithelial cells, immune cells and other cell types. Pathogens survive and proliferate intracellularly via two main strategies. First, the pathogens can remain in membrane-bound vacuoles and tailor organellar trafficking to evade host-cell defenses and gain access to nutrients. Second, pathogens can rupture the vacuolar membrane and proliferate within the nutrient-rich cytosol of the host cell. Although this virulence strategy of vacuolar escape is well known for L. monocytogenes and Shigella spp., it has recently become clear that S. aureus and Salmonella spp. also gain access to the cytosol, and that this is important for their survival and growth. In this Review, we discuss the molecular mechanisms of how these intracellular pathogens rupture the vacuolar membrane by secreting a combination of proteins that lyse the membranes or that remodel the lipids of the vacuolar membrane, such as phospholipases. In addition, we also propose that oxidation of the vacuolar membrane also contributes to cytosolic pathogen escape. Understanding these escape mechanisms could aid in the identification of new therapeutic approaches to combat foodborne pathogens.

中文翻译：

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食源性细菌病原体的液泡逸出。

细胞内病原体为单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌、肠沙门氏菌、志贺氏菌。金黄色葡萄球菌是食源性疾病的主要原因。摄入受污染的食物或饮料后，病原体可以侵入上皮细胞、免疫细胞和其他细胞类型。病原体通过两种主要策略在细胞内存活和增殖。首先，病原体可以保留在膜结合的液泡中并调整细胞器运输以逃避宿主细胞防御并获取营养。其次，病原体可以破坏液泡膜并在宿主细胞营养丰富的细胞质内增殖。尽管这种液泡逃逸的毒力策略对于单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌和志贺氏菌属来说是众所周知的，但最近已经清楚金黄色葡萄球菌和沙门氏菌属。还可以进入细胞质，这对于他们的生存和成长很重要。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了这些细胞内病原体如何通过分泌裂解膜或重塑液泡膜脂质（例如磷脂酶）的蛋白质组合来破裂液泡膜。此外，我们还提出，液泡膜的氧化也有助于胞质病原体的逃逸。了解这些逃逸机制可能有助于确定对抗食源性病原体的新治疗方法。此外，我们还提出，液泡膜的氧化也有助于胞质病原体的逃逸。了解这些逃逸机制可能有助于确定对抗食源性病原体的新治疗方法。此外，我们还提出，液泡膜的氧化也有助于胞质病原体的逃逸。了解这些逃逸机制可能有助于确定对抗食源性病原体的新治疗方法。