This paper investigates the existence of the Environmental Kuznets Curve for carbon dioxide emissions in Ghana. The causal relationship between economic growth and carbon dioxide emissions being examined and the short-run and long-run parameters of the estimated vector autoregressive models are found to be unstable. This necessitated the use of a time-varying approach and the rolling window Granger causality test to investigate the causal relationship between economic growth and carbon dioxide emissions. We find that GDP has a positive effect on carbon dioxide emissions in the sample periods where GDP Granger causes carbon dioxide emissions. Significant feedbacks from the environment to the economy are observed, with carbon dioxide emissions having a positive effect on GDP in most of the subsample periods. The empirical results show that the Environmental Kuznets Curve for carbon dioxide emissions for Ghana is upward sloping, contrary to the standard Environmental Kuznets Curve theory which postulates an inverted "U"-shaped relationship between economic growth and environmental degradation. The implication of the result is that carbon dioxide emissions increase with increases in GDP. The study recommends that existing policies designed to ensure environmental sustainability and hence control carbon dioxide emissions need to be strengthened and enforced to ensure that the rapid urbanization and industrialization of the Ghanaian economy does not come at a cost to the quality of the environment.

中文翻译：

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测试加纳是否存在CO2排放的环境库兹涅茨曲线（EKC）：自举滚动窗口Granger因果关系测试的证据。

本文调查了加纳二氧化碳排放的环境库兹涅茨曲线的存在。发现经济增长与二氧化碳排放之间的因果关系以及估计的矢量自回归模型的短期和长期参数之间是不稳定的。这就需要使用时变方法和滚动窗口格兰杰因果关系检验来研究经济增长与二氧化碳排放之间的因果关系。我们发现在GDP Granger导致二氧化碳排放的样本期内，GDP对二氧化碳排放具有积极影响。观察到了从环境到经济的重要反馈，二氧化碳的排放在大多数子采样期内对GDP产生了积极影响。实证结果表明，加纳的二氧化碳排放量的环境库兹涅茨曲线是向上倾斜的，这与标准的环境库兹涅茨曲线理论相反，后者假定经济增长与环境退化之间存在“ U”形倒置关系。结果的含义是二氧化碳排放量随GDP的增加而增加。该研究建议需要加强和执行旨在确保环境可持续性并由此控制二氧化碳排放的现有政策，以确保加纳经济的快速城市化和工业化不会损害环境质量。与标准的环境库兹涅茨曲线理论相反，后者假定经济增长与环境退化之间存在倒置的“ U”形关系。结果的含义是二氧化碳排放量随GDP的增加而增加。该研究建议需要加强和执行旨在确保环境可持续性并由此控制二氧化碳排放的现有政策，以确保加纳经济的快速城市化和工业化不会损害环境质量。与标准的环境库兹涅茨曲线理论相反，后者假定经济增长与环境恶化之间存在“ U”形倒置关系。结果的含义是二氧化碳排放量随GDP的增加而增加。该研究建议需要加强和执行旨在确保环境可持续性并由此控制二氧化碳排放的现有政策，以确保加纳经济的快速城市化和工业化不会损害环境质量。