Biomass is one of the prime domestic energy sources in the kitchens and about 60% of households are still using biomass and kerosene for cooking in India. These traditional cooking practices are incompetent as the use of biomass in traditional cookstove produces an enormous amount of carbonaceous aerosols that lead to indoor and outdoor air pollution. Emissions of various pollutants like black carbon (BC), PM10 and PM2.5 from burning of biomass cause serious health impacts like respiratory illness, lung cancer, watering of eyes, coughing, asthma and heart problems especially in women due to higher rate of inhalation of these fine particulate matters during the cooking period. Quantification of BC, PM2.5 and PM10 emissions from a different type of biomass in various types of kitchen arrangements and its associated impacts are poorly examined in India. Hence, daily concentrations of BC, PM2.5 and PM10 were monitored from different types of biomass user's households during January 2018 to December 2019 to assess indoor air quality by using aethalometer and nephelometer (pDR-1500) in three districts (Sitapur, Patna and Murshidabad) of Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP) where approximately, 96% of rural families rely on biomass cooking. The highest mass concentrations were observed in biomass user's households and cow-dung cake users due to low calorific value. About 30.13% of PM10 and 35.89% of PM2.5 data exceeded the national ambient air quality standard on a daily basis in biomass user's households. A cancer risk assessment was also conducted in terms of mass concentration of these pollutants. The lifespan danger from exposure to BC was 4.33 × 10-7 in indoor for non-ventilated kitchens, 2.63 × 10-7 in indoor for ventilated kitchens, 3.98 × 10-7 in outdoor for separated kitchen, 3.22 × 10-7 for semi-open kitchen and 1.78 × 10-7 for open kitchen. The vulnerability assessment for cancer mortality under exposure of pollution was estimated to be highest for the age group of more than 50 years whereas lowest for the age group of 0-4 years for all kinds of kitchens in the study area.

中文翻译：

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印度农村家庭室内黑碳和颗粒物（PM2.5和PM10）的致癌作用。

生物质是厨房中主要的家庭能源之一，在印度，约60％的家庭仍在使用生物质和煤油做饭。这些传统的烹饪方法是不称职的，因为在传统的炉灶中使用生物质会产生大量的碳质气溶胶，从而导致室内和室外空气污染。生物质燃烧产生的各种污染物（如黑碳（BC），PM10和PM2.5）的排放会严重影响健康，如呼吸系统疾病，肺癌，眼睛积水，咳嗽，哮喘和心脏问题，尤其是由于吸入率较高的女性这些细小颗粒物质在蒸煮期间。BC，PM2的定量。在印度，对各种类型厨房布置中不同类型生物质产生的5和PM10排放及其相关影响的研究很少。因此，在2018年1月至2019年12月期间，对不同类型的生物质能使用者家庭的BC，PM2.5和PM10的每日浓度进行了监测，以通过在三个地区（Sitapur，Patna和印度恒河平原（IGP）的Murshidabad），约96％的农村家庭依靠生物质烹饪。由于热值低，在生物质能使用者的家庭和牛粪饼使用者中观察到最高的质量浓度。每天约有30.13％的PM10和35.89％的PM2.5数据超过生物质能使用者家庭的国家环境空气质量标准。还根据这些污染物的质量浓度进行了癌症风险评估。非通风厨房室内暴露于BC的生命危险为4.33×10-7，通风厨房室内为2.63×10-7，独立厨房室外为3.98×10-7，半独立厨房为3.22×10-7 -开放式厨房，开放式厨房为1.78×10-7。对于研究区域内的各种厨房，在暴露于污染下的癌症死亡率的脆弱性评估估计最高，而年龄在50岁以上的人群中最低，而0-4岁的年龄组则最低。半开放式厨房为22×10-7，开放式厨房为1.78×10-7。对于研究区域内的各种厨房，在暴露于污染下的癌症死亡率的脆弱性评估估计最高，而年龄在50岁以上的人群中最低，而0-4岁的年龄组则最低。半开放式厨房为22×10-7，开放式厨房为1.78×10-7。对于研究区域内的各种厨房，在暴露于污染下的癌症死亡率的脆弱性评估估计最高，而年龄在50岁以上的人群中最低，而0-4岁的年龄组则最低。