Both pathogenic as well as nonpathogenic species of staphylococci have been reported in poultry, but these studies have not compared staphylococcal flora of both farmed and household broiler chickens. Staphylococci from farmed (n = 51) and household chicken intestines (n = 43) were isolated and tested for resistance to antimicrobials, presence of resistance genes, and inhibitory activity against other bacteria; correlation of resistance phenotype and genotype was also evaluated. At least 12 staphylococcal species were identified; Staphylococcus carnosus subspecies carnosus was the predominant species from both sources. Most farmed chicken staphylococci were resistant to tigecycline (38/51; 74.8%) while the highest level of resistance among the household chicken staphylococci was to clindamycin (31/43; 72.1%). The mecA gene was only detected in staphylococci from household chickens, whereas ermC and tetK or tetM were found in staphylococci from both groups of birds. Multidrug resistance (resistance ≥ 2 antimicrobial classes) was observed in 88% of resistant staphylococci ranging from 2 to 8 classes and up to 10 antimicrobials. Isolates produced inhibitory activity against 7 clinical bacterial strains primarily Enterococcus faecalis (25/88; 28.4%) and Escherichia coli (22/88; 25%). This study demonstrated that the staphylococcal population among farmed and household chickens varies by species and resistance to antimicrobials. These results may reflect the influence of the environment or habitat of each bird type on the intestinal microflora. As resistance in the staphylococci to antimicrobials used to treat human infections was detected, further study is warranted to determine strategies to prevent transfer of these resistant populations to humans via contamination of the poultry meat.

中文翻译：

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家禽肠道中的葡萄球菌：养殖鸡和家养鸡的比较。

在家禽中发现了致病性和非致病性葡萄球菌，但这些研究尚未比较养殖和家庭肉鸡的葡萄球菌菌群。从养殖鸡肠 (n = 51) 和家庭鸡肠 (n = 43) 中分离出葡萄球菌，并测试其对抗菌药物的耐药性、耐药基因的存在以及对其他细菌的抑制活性；还评估了抗性表型和基因型的相关性。至少鉴定出 12 种葡萄球菌；肉葡萄球菌肉食亚种是这两个来源的主要物种。大多数养殖鸡葡萄球菌对替加环素耐药（38/51；74.8%），而家庭鸡葡萄球菌对克林霉素耐药程度最高（31/43；72.1%）。mecA 基因仅在家养鸡的葡萄球菌中检测到，而 ermC 和 tetK 或 tetM 在两组鸡的葡萄球菌中均发现。在 88% 的耐药葡萄球菌中观察到多重耐药性（耐药性≥2 类抗菌药物），范围为 2 至 8 类和最多 10 种抗菌药物。分离物对 7 种临床细菌菌株产生抑制活性，主要是粪肠球菌 (25/88; 28.4%) 和大肠杆菌 (22/88; 25%)。这项研究表明，养殖鸡和家养鸡中的葡萄球菌种群因物种和抗菌药物耐药性而异。这些结果可能反映了每种鸟类的环境或栖息地对肠道微生物群的影响。由于检测到葡萄球菌对用于治疗人类感染的抗菌药物具有耐药性，因此有必要进行进一步的研究，以确定防止这些耐药菌群通过禽肉污染传播给人类的策略。