Rye is high in nonstarch polysaccharides (NSP), a complex carbohydrate which cannot be digested by poultry as they lack the endogenous enzymes to do so. Exogenous carbohydrases must therefore be supplemented to avoid the antinutritional effects associated with a high NSP diet. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects of a rye-based diet with and without supplementation of a Bacillus direct-fed microbial (DFM) on body weight, bone mineralization, and leaky gut, as well as its role on influencing serum concentrations of peptide YY (PPY) and the ammonia concentration in turkey manure. Two independent trials were conducted. In each experiment, day-of-hatch female turkey poults were neck tagged and randomly assigned to either a control rye-based diet or a rye-based diet supplemented with the DFM (n = 25 birds/group). At 10 days-of-age, poults in both groups were administered with an appropriate dose of fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran (FITC-d) by oral gavage. One hour later, all poults were euthanized. Blood was collected to evaluate serum FITC-d and PPY concentrations. Furthermore, in Trial 2 only, both tibias were removed for assessment of bone parameters, and turkey manure was collected to evaluate physicochemical analysis. In both trials, poults treated with the DFM showed a significant increase (P < 0.05) in body weight and body weight gain as compared with control nontreated poults. Poults that received the DFM also had a significant reduction in serum levels of PPY and FITC-d when compared with control nontreated poults. In Trial 2, turkeys treated with the DFM had a substantial increase in tibia strength, tibia diameter, total ash, calcium, and phosphorus when compared with control nontreated turkeys. Their manure was also shown to have a significant reduction in the concentration of ammonia. This is the first report of a commercial DFM reducing the concentration of this compound in turkey manure. In summary, the results of the present study confirm that turkeys fed with a rye-based diet have a significant increase in gut permeability, a reduced body weight, and decreased bone mineralization when compared with turkeys fed with the DFM. Turkeys that received the rye-based diet supplemented with the Bacillus-DFM also had a significant reduction in the serum concentration of PPY when compared with control turkeys. This finding suggests a possible prebiotic effect of rye, warranting future studies to test this effect. Further studies to evaluate the microbiota diversity, as well as the concentration of ceca short-chain fatty acids, are also necessary to confirm the reliability of PPY as a potential metabolomic biomarker in poultry.

中文翻译：

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直接饲喂芽孢杆菌的微生物对饲喂黑麦饮食的新生雌火鸡家禽肠道渗漏，血清肽YY浓度，骨矿化和氨排泄的影响。

黑麦中的非淀粉多糖（NSP）含量很高，这是一种复杂的碳水化合物，由于缺乏内源酶，因此无法被禽类消化。因此，必须补充外源糖酶以避免高NSP饮食相关的抗营养作用。本研究的目的是评估添加和不添加芽孢杆菌直接饲喂微生物（DFM）的黑麦饮食对体重，骨矿化和肠道渗漏的影响及其对血清的影响土耳其粪中YY肽（PPY）的浓度和氨浓度。进行了两次独立试验。在每个实验中，将孵化日雌性火鸡家禽进行颈部标记，并随机分配给对照黑麦饮食或补充DFM的黑麦饮食（n = 25只/组）。在成年后10天，通过口服管饲法向两组家禽施用适当剂量的异硫氰酸荧光素-葡聚糖（FITC-d）。一小时后，所有家禽均被安乐死。收集血液以评估血清FITC-d和PPY浓度。此外，仅在试验2中，移除了两个胫骨以评估骨参数，并收集了火鸡粪肥以评估理化分析。在这两个试验中，与未治疗的家禽相比，用DFM处理的家禽的体重和体重增加显着增加（P <0.05）。与未处理的对照家禽相比，接受DFM的家禽的血清PPY和FITC-d水平也显着降低。在试验2中，用DFM处理的火鸡的胫骨强度，胫骨直径，总灰分，钙，与对照未处理的火鸡相比，磷和磷含量更高。他们的粪肥还显示出氨浓度显着降低。这是商业DFM降低火鸡粪便中该化合物浓度的首次报道。总而言之，本研究的结果证实，与饲喂DFM的火鸡相比，饲喂基于黑麦的饮食的火鸡的肠道通透性显着增加，体重减轻，骨矿化程度降低。与对照火鸡相比，接受了黑麦饮食并辅以芽孢杆菌-DFM的火鸡也明显降低了PPY的血清浓度。这一发现表明黑麦可能具有益生元的作用，因此有必要进行进一步的研究以测试这种作用。评估微生物群多样性的进一步研究，