It has been demonstrated that vitamin D (Vit D) included in diets offers a beneficial effect by improving innate immune responses in chickens. However, its mechanisms of action and the effect on immunosuppressive pathogens, such as infectious bursal disease virus, are not yet known. In the present study, we have studied the immunomodulatory effect of Vit D on the innate immune response in 3 cell lines: fibroblast cells (DF-1), macrophages (HD11), and B cells (DT-40) infected with IBDV (intermediate vaccine) at 2 multiplicity of infections (MOI) (1 and 0.1). Genes associated with innate immune responses (TLR-3, TLR-21, MDA-5, MyD88, TRIF, IRF-7, INF-α, INF-β, PKR, OAS, viperin, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-12) were evaluated at different time points (3, 6, 12, 24, and 36 h after infection, h.p.i). Virus production reached a maximum at 24 h.p.i., which was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in DF-1 cells, followed by HD-11 and DT-40 cells. Mainly in HD-11 cells, there was a significant (P < 0.05) effect of Vit D supplementation on receptors TLR-3, TLR-21, and MDA-5 after 12 h.p.i, independent of MOI. DT-40 cells showed the highest antiviral activity, with a significant (P < 0.05) effect on IRF-7, IFN-β, OAS, and PKR gene expression, where expression of IRF-7 and IFN-β correlated positively with Vit D supplementation, while OAS and PKR were independent of Vit D. Proinflammatory cytokines were significantly (P < 0.05) upregulated and found to be Vit D and MOI dependent. In conclusion, this study demonstrated the capacity of IBDV to trigger a strong innate immune response in chicken cells and contributes to the understanding of the activation pathways of innate immunity induced by IBDV and further shows the benefitial effect of Vit D supplementation as an immunomodulator.

中文翻译：

---

维生素D（1,25（OH）2 D3）对体外感染传染性法氏囊病病毒的不同类型细胞的先天免疫应答的差异免疫调节作用。

业已证明，饮食中所含的维生素D（维生素D）可通过改善鸡的先天免疫应答而发挥有益作用。但是，其作用机理和对免疫抑制性病原体如传染性法氏囊病病毒的作用尚不清楚。在本研究中，我们研究了Vit D对3种细胞系（成纤维细胞（DF-1），巨噬细胞（HD11）和B细胞（DT-40））感染IBDV（中级）的先天免疫应答的免疫调节作用。 2种感染（MOI）（1和0.1）。与先天免疫应答相关的基因（TLR-3，TLR-21，MDA-5，MyD88，TRIF，IRF-7，INF-α，INF-β，PKR，OAS，毒蛇碱，IL-1β，IL-6和在不同的时间点（感染后3、6、12、24和36 h，hpi）评估IL-12）。病毒产量在24 hpi达到最高，在DF-1细胞中显着（P <0.05），随后是HD-11和DT-40细胞。主要在HD-11细胞中，在12 hpi后补充Vit D对受体TLR-3，TLR-21和MDA-5有显着（P <0.05）影响，与MOI无关。DT-40细胞显示出最高的抗病毒活性，对IRF-7，IFN-β，OAS和PKR基因表达具有显着（P <0.05）作用，其中IRF-7和IFN-β的表达与Vit D正相关补充，而OAS和PKR不依赖于VitD。促炎细胞因子显着（P <0.05）上调，并发现是Vit D和MOI依赖性的。结论，