The rapid growth and disruptive potentials of three-dimensional (3D) printing demand further research for addressing fundamental fabrication concepts and enabling engineers to realize the capabilities of 3D printing technologies. There is a trend to use these capabilities to develop materials that derive some of their properties via their structural organization rather than their intrinsic constituents, sometimes referred to as mechanical metamaterials. Such materials show qualitatively different mechanical behaviors despite using the same material composition, such as ultra-lightweight, super-elastic, and auxetic structures. In this work, we review current advancements in the design and fabrication of multi-scale advanced structures with properties heretofore unseen in well-established materials. We classify the fabrication methods as conventional methods, additive manufacturing techniques, and 4D printing. Following a comprehensive comparison of different fabrication methods, we suggest some guidelines on the selection of fabrication parameters to construct meta-biomaterials for tissue engineering. The parameters include multi-material capacity, fabrication resolution, prototyping speed, and biological compatibility.

中文翻译：

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面向组织工程的 3D 打印超材料。

三维 (3D) 打印的快速增长和颠覆性潜力需要进一步研究，以解决基本制造概念并使工程师能够实现 3D 打印技术的功能。有一种趋势是利用这些能力来开发通过其结构组织而不是其内在成分获得某些特性的材料，有时称为机械超材料。尽管使用相同的材​​料成分，但此类材料表现出性质不同的机械行为，例如超轻质、超弹性和拉胀结构。在这项工作中，我们回顾了多尺度先进结构的设计和制造方面的最新进展，这些结构具有迄今为止在成熟材料中未见过的特性。我们将制造方法分为传统方法、增材制造技术和4D打印。在对不同制造方法进行全面比较后，我们提出了一些关于选择制造参数来构建组织工程超生物材料的指南。这些参数包括多材料容量、制造分辨率、原型制作速度和生物兼容性。