Adolescence and young adulthood are characterized by substantial sociodemographic, family, social, and personality changes that may influence loneliness. Although loneliness is a public health challenge, we know little about how loneliness develops during these periods. Our study addresses this lacuna by using 4-wave longitudinal data from 3,116 Norwegians aged 13 to 31 years, making use of questionnaire (key facets and correlates of loneliness) and register linkage information (midlife outcomes). Analyses revealed that when asking directly about feeling lonely and for emotional facets, loneliness increased from early adolescence to age mid-20s, whereas social facets of loneliness declined gradually and plateaued when people had reached their mid-20s. Several predictors operated consistently across loneliness facets, whereas others operated in facet-specific ways. To illustrate, perceiving one's parents as caring, having close friends, not leaving the parental home before age 18, and reporting more agency were each associated with less loneliness across assessment modes. In contrast, when asked directly, women reported more loneliness than men at all ages, whereas men reported more social loneliness. Finally, adolescents and young adults who reported feeling lonely and/or increased in loneliness were consistently at higher risk for disability and lower income in midlife, whereas other important midlife outcomes including education, labor market inclusion, and prescriptions of antidepressants exhibited facet-specific associations. Our study is the first to provide a comprehensive picture of loneliness development throughout the second and third decade of life and highlights the multidimensionality and multidirectionality of loneliness trajectories and correlates across adolescence and early adulthood. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

中文翻译：

---

青春期和青年期孤独感的发展：其性质、相关性和中年结果。

青春期和青年期的特点是可能影响孤独感的大量社会人口、家庭、社会和个性变化。尽管孤独是一项公共卫生挑战，但我们对孤独在这些时期如何发展知之甚少。我们的研究通过使用来自 3,116 名 13 至 31 岁的挪威人的 4 波纵向数据，利用问卷（孤独的关键方面和相关因素）和登记联系信息（中年结局）来解决这一空白。分析显示，当直接询问感到孤独和情感方面时，孤独感从青春期早期到 20 多岁中期增加，而孤独的社交方面逐渐下降并在人们达到 20 多岁时趋于稳定。几个预测因素在孤独方面始终如一，而其他人则以特定于方面的方式运作。举例来说，在评估模式中，认为自己的父母有爱心、有亲密的朋友、在 18 岁之前不离开父母的家以及报告更多的代理权都与减少孤独感相关。相比之下，当直接询问时，所有年龄段的女性报告的孤独感都比男性多，而男性报告的社交孤独感更多。最后，报告感到孤独和/或孤独感增加的青少年和年轻人在中年时始终处于更高的残疾风险和较低的收入中，而其他重要的中年结果，包括教育、劳动力市场融入和抗抑郁药的处方，表现出特定方面的关联. 我们的研究首次提供了整个人生第二个和第三个十年孤独发展的全面图景，并突出了孤独轨迹的多维性和多向性，并与青春期和成年早期相关。（PsycInfo 数据库记录 (c) 2020 APA，保留所有权利）。