Throughout the 20th century, female scientists faced barriers to participation in scientific communities. Within psychology, the 1st generation of women fought for inclusion in the university and access to laboratories; the 2nd generation officially gained access to such resources while still in practice being excluded from many areas of psychology and being denied suitable professional opportunities (Johnston & Johnson, 2008; Scarborough & Furumoto, 1987). Scholarship on these challenges tends to focus on power dynamics or on the strategies used by women to overcome obstacles to their full acceptance in the scientific world. In other words, there has been a focus on women's participation in official intellectual communities. Less attention has been paid to the motivational consequences of belonging to unofficial or informal intellectual communities. In this article, we argue that exploring the nature of unofficial communities illuminates a pattern of strategies that accounts for women's success in official communities; challenges a masculine, laboratory-centric model of science; and offers a model of intellectual work that has applications for other disenfranchised groups both in the history of science and in the modern world. We focus on 3 psychologists, Milicent Shinn, Eleanor Gibson, and Magda Arnold, whose success was underpinned by the support of unofficial networks. By so doing, we show how unofficial communities address specific needs for the marginalized. Finally, we explore applications to address the problems of the neoliberal university. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

中文翻译：

---

家人，朋友和信仰社区：知识界和边缘化科学家的非正式网络所带来的好处。

在整个20世纪，女性科学家在参与科学界时面临障碍。在心理学方面，第一代妇女争取进入大学并进入实验室。第二代正式获得了此类资源的使用权，但实际上仍被排除在心理学的许多领域之外，并且被剥夺了适当的职业机会（Johnston＆Johnson，2008； Scarborough＆Furumoto，1987）。针对这些挑战的奖学金往往侧重于动力动力或妇女用来克服阻碍她们在科学界全面接受的障碍的策略。换句话说，一直把重点放在妇女在官方知识界的参与上。对于非官方或非正式知识社区的归属所引起的动机后果的关注较少。在本文中，我们认为探索非官方社区的性质阐明了一种战略模式，该模式解释了女性在官方社区中的成功。挑战以实验室为中心的男性化科学模型；并提供了一种智力工作模型，该模型可应用于科学史和现代世界中其他被剥夺权利的群体。我们专注于三位心理学家，Milicent Shinn，Eleanor Gibson和Magda Arnold，其成功得到了非官方网络的支持。通过这样做，我们展示了非官方社区如何满足边缘化群体的特定需求。最后，我们探索解决新自由主义大学问题的应用程序。