Contemporary models of smoking and pain suggest a reciprocal and self-perpetuating cycle, wherein smoking reduces pain in the short term but indirectly exacerbates pain in the long term. In a sample of participants engaged in an active smoking-cessation attempt, this investigation assessed a) whether specific smoking risk factors (i.e., smoking expectancies for pain reduction, pain-related anxiety) acted as barriers to cessation, and b) whether breaking the smoking-pain cycle through successful smoking abstinence impacted pain and pain-related disability outcomes for participants with pain. Participants comprised 168 smokers (44.4% with pain) who engaged in an online smoking-cessation program. Pain-related anxiety, but not smoking expectancies, accounted for a significant proportion of variance of smoking dependence from pre- to post-intervention. Results suggest that pain-related anxiety is a risk factor for maintained smoking dependence for all smokers regardless of pain status. Participants with pain who successfully quit smoking experienced statistically and clinically meaningful decreases in pain and pain-related disability from pre- to post-intervention. Exploratory post hoc analyses indicated that individuals who signed-up for the smoking cessation program but failed to begin a quit-attempt had significantly higher pain disability, depression, and anxiety scores than participants who commenced a quit-attempt. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

中文翻译：

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打破吸烟和疼痛的循环：与疼痛相关的焦虑和减轻疼痛的预期是否会破坏戒烟的尝试，戒烟能否改善疼痛和与疼痛相关的残疾结果？

吸烟和疼痛的当代模型表明，一个相互的和自我延续的循环，其中吸烟在短期内减轻疼痛，但在长期内间接加剧疼痛。在参与主动戒烟尝试的参与者样本中，该调查评估了 a) 特定的吸烟风险因素（即，吸烟对减轻疼痛的预期、与疼痛相关的焦虑）是否成为戒烟的障碍，以及 b) 是否打破了戒烟的障碍。成功戒烟的吸烟-疼痛循环影响了疼痛参与者的疼痛和与疼痛相关的残疾结果。参与者包括参与在线戒烟计划的 168 名吸烟者（44.4% 有疼痛）。与疼痛相关的焦虑，而不是吸烟预期，在干预前到干预后的吸烟依赖差异中占很大比例。结果表明，无论疼痛状态如何，与疼痛相关的焦虑是所有吸烟者维持吸烟依赖的危险因素。从干预前到干预后，成功戒烟的疼痛参与者的疼痛和疼痛相关残疾在统计学和临床​​上均显着减少。探索性事后分析表明，与开始尝试戒烟的参与者相比，报名参加戒烟计划但未能开始戒烟的个体的疼痛残疾、抑郁和焦虑评分显着更高。讨论了理论和实践意义。从干预前到干预后，成功戒烟的疼痛参与者的疼痛和疼痛相关残疾在统计学和临床​​上均显着减少。探索性事后分析表明，与开始尝试戒烟的参与者相比，报名参加戒烟计划但未能开始戒烟的个体的疼痛残疾、抑郁和焦虑评分显着更高。讨论了理论和实践意义。从干预前到干预后，成功戒烟的疼痛参与者的疼痛和疼痛相关残疾在统计学和临床​​上均显着减少。探索性事后分析表明，与开始尝试戒烟的参与者相比，报名参加戒烟计划但未能开始戒烟的个体的疼痛残疾、抑郁和焦虑评分显着更高。讨论了理论和实践意义。