The globalisation trend of the past few decades, driven to a large extent by the proliferation of GVCs, has led to a set of significant changes in patterns of technology upgrading and new modes of interaction between domestic technology efforts and external sources of technological knowledge. Whether this new dynamic will lead to continuing increase in the economic importance of emerging economies will ultimately depend on whether their productivity growth will be driven by technology upgrading, requiring active and coordinated activity orchestrated by a variety of state and non-state actors under diverse sectoral, regional and national innovation systems. The new dynamic also reinforces the focus on local–global interfaces which becomes ever more important once we recognize that in the 21st century technology upgrading challenges depend much more on improvements in connectivity and on the industrial ecosystem. Still, the globalization process experienced in the past few decades—reflected in this collection of papers—may need to be recalibrated in the face of the drastic geopolitical changes that the process itself has brought about.

过去几十年的全球化趋势在很大程度上受到全球价值链扩散的推动，导致技术升级模式和国内技术努力与外部技术知识来源之间互动的新模式发生了一系列重大变化。这种新的动力是否会导致新兴经济体的经济重要性持续增加，最终将取决于它们的生产力增长是否会受到技术升级的推动，这需要由不同部门下的各种国家和非国家行为者精心策划的积极和协调的活动、区域和国家创新体系。一旦我们认识到 21 世纪的技术升级挑战更多地依赖于连通性和工业生态系统的改进，新的动态也加强了对本地与全球接口的关注，这一点变得越来越重要。尽管如此，面对全球化进程本身带来的剧烈地缘政治变化，过去几十年所经历的全球化进程——反映在这一系列论文中——可能需要重新校准。